Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 01, enero-marzo de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. ISSN 0122-1701 y ISSN: 2344-7214
6
Design and construction of a solar tracking
system for parabolic-trough collector prototype
Diseño y construcción de un sistema de seguimiento solar para un prototipo de
colector cilindro-parabólico
B. E. Tarazona-Romero ; J.G. Ascanio-Villabona ; A. D. Rincón-Quintero ; C. L. Sandoval-
Rodríguez
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22517/23447214.24792
Scientific and technological research paper
Abstract— The search for technological alternatives to satisfy
diverse global needs has triggered an arduous process of research
and technological developments worldwide for the use of
renewable resources. For their part, linear parabolic trough
collectors have proven to be an alternative for the water heating
process and for the production of electric energy. For its part, the
research group in energy systems, automation and control
(GISEAC) of the Technological Units of Santander, developed a
prototype parabolic trough collector with low-cost materials
available in the region (Bucaramanga, Colombia). Consequently,
in order to improve the performance of the device, this paper
presents the sizing, implementation and testing of a single-axis
solar trajectory tracking system in a small-scale parabolic trough
collector, applying a closed-loop control system. The control
system is governed by a system integrated by an ESP32 module
and a Raspberry PI3 microcontroller. The axis of the device is
coupled to a mechanism composed of a gear and chain
transmission system, directly coupled to an electric motor. The
positioning of the collector angle is determined by a sensor that
directly measures the amount of LUX and identifies by means of
the developed algorithm, the location with the highest levels of
direct incident solar radiation. In this way, the system can track
the solar position throughout the course of the solar day. Finally,
it should be noted that the maximum percentage of deviation of
the solar tracking system is less than 1%. At the same time, the
performance of the implemented solar trajectory tracking system
“Automatic solar tracking system” increased by more than 40%
with respect to the initial tracking system “Manual solar tracking
system”.
Index Terms—Control Algorithm; Control Systems; Parabolic-
Trough Collector; Solar Collector; Solar Concentration.
This manuscript was submitted on June 12, 2021, accepted on March 09,
2023 and published on March 31, 2023.
This work was supported by the Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander,
Bucaramanga headquarters, the GISEAC (Sistemas de Energia, automatization
y control) and DIMAT (Diseño y Materiales) Research groups, of the Unidades
Tecnológicas de Santander (UTS).
B. E. Tarazona-Romero. is a researcher of the GISEAC group, of the UTS,
in street Students #9-82 Ciudadela Real de Minas, Bucaramanga (email:
btarazona@correo.uts.edu.co).
Resumen—La búsqueda de alternativas tecnológicas para
satisfacer diversas necesidades globales, ha desencadenado un
arduo proceso de investigación y desarrollos tecnológicos a nivel
mundial para el aprovechamiento de los recursos renovables. Por
su parte, los colectores lineales cilindro-parabólicos, han
demostrado ser una alternativa para realizar el proceso de
calentamiento de agua y para la producción de energia eléctrica.
Por su parte, el grupo de investigación en sistemas de energia,
automatización y control (GISEAC) de las unidades Tecnológicas
de Santander, desarrollo un prototipo de colector Cilindro-
Parabólico con materiales de bajo coste y disponibles en la región
(Bucaramanga, Colombia). En consecuente, para mejorar el
rendimiento del dispositivo, en este documento se presenta el
dimensionamiento, implementacion y testeado de un sistema de
seguimiento de trayectoria solar en un solo eje, en un colector
Cilindro-Parabólico a pequeña escala, aplicando un sistema de
control de lazo cerrado. El sistema de control está gobernado por
un sistema integrado por un módulo ESP32 y un microcontrolador
Raspberry PI3. El eje del dispositivo esta acoplado a un
mecanismo compuesto por un sistema de transmisión de
engranajes y cadenas, acoplado directamente a un motor eléctrico.
El posicionamiento del Angulo del colector está determinado por
un sensor que mide directamente la cantidad de LUX e identifica
por medio del algoritmo desarrollado, la ubicación con mayores
niveles de radiación solar directa incidente. De esta manera, el
sistema puede seguir la posición solar durante todo el transcurso
del día solar. Finalmente, se puede resaltar que el porcentaje
máximo de desviación del sistema de seguimiento solar, es inferior
al 1%. A su vez, el rendimiento del sistema de seguimiento de
trayectoria solar implementado “Sistema de seguimiento solar
Automático”, aumento en un porcentaje superior al 40 % respecto
al sistema de seguimiento inicial “Sistema de seguimiento solar
manual”.
A. D. Rincon-Quintero. is a researcher and leader of the DIMAT group, of
the UTS, in street Students #9-82 Ciudadela Real de Minas, Bucaramanga
(email: arincon@correo.uts.edu.co).
J.G. Ascanio-Villabona. is a researcher and leader of the GISEAC group, of
the UTS, in street Students #9-82 Ciudadela Real de Minas, Bucaramanga
(email: jascanio@correo.uts.edu.co).
C.L. Sandoval R. is a researcher and leader of the GISEAC group, of the
UTS, in street Students #9-82 Ciudadela Real de Minas, Bucaramanga (email:
csandoval@correo.uts.edu.co).
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Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 01, enero-marzo de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira.
Palabras claves— Algoritmo de Control; Colector Cilindro-
Parabólico; Colector Solar; Concentración Solar, Sistema de
Control.
I.
INTRODUCTION
OLAR energy is a renewable resource, abundant, non-
polluting and present for long periods of time in most of the
planet and has an important role in the face of the growing need
for the implementation of alternative systems, capable of
meeting the growing energy needs of the world, without
contributing to global warming [1] [2]. Solar energy is available
in the form of solar radiation that can be actively harnessed with
the use of various technologies for the production of electrical
energy or heat [3] [4]. Within these, photovoltaic systems take
advantage of direct solar radiation (DNI) and diffuse radiation,
while concentrating solar technology (CSP) operate using only
the DNI [5].
Photovoltaic systems require sophisticated manufacturing
facilities and use rare earth elements for the construction of
solar cells that limit their production and application to
technologically advanced regions [6][7]. For their part, CSP
systems classified in [8] [9]: parabolic-trough collector (PTC),
linear Fresnel reflectors (LFC) [10], solar dish and tower; offer
solutions and opportunities to various regions worldwide, with
centralized and decentralized systems, as an alternative for the
production of renewable energy [11] [12]. It is important to note
that CSP technology currently presents some financing,
technological development, operation and maintenance
problems that reduce its implementation capacity globally [13].
The technology of parabolic-trough collectors (PTC)
[14][15] is currently the one with the greatest maturity in
technological
developments
and
research,
as
well
as
profitability within CSP technologies [16][17]. PTC systems
receive solar rays and direct them towards a linear focal point
through which a heat transfer fluid circulates, through the
reflection process, through a reflector surface in the shape of a
parabolic cross channel [18]. DNI that is concentrated in the
focal point, transfers the heat produced by concentrated solar
rays, transferring the heat to the heat transfer fluid [19]. This
heat can be used for heating water or steam production, applied
to electric power generation processes or thermal processes
[20].
PTC technology is applied centrally [21] in electricity
generation plants [22] and industrial processes with high
demands for thermal energy [23], while small-scale parabolic-
trough collectors (SSPTC) or decentralized are used in the
residential sector in urban and rural areas [24].
By its nature, the efficiency of an SSPTC depends on the
accuracy of its geometric design, optical precision, the material
characteristics of the reflecting surface, and the solar tracking
path. Therefore, making a suitable design, as well as selecting
the correct materials and implementing a suitable sun tracking
system, allow to increase the performance of the device [25].
Other factors that can influence the efficiency of the system can
be: manufacturing and assembly errors, installation and
operating conditions, as well as the meteorological conditions
of the place of implementation [26].
PTC and SSPTC generally have a unidirectional solar path
tracking mechanism system, where the axis can be oriented in
an east-west direction [27], granting a degree of freedom [28]
or north-south, mounted on structural supports [29]. As usual,
only follow the solar azimuth angle rather than the solar
elevation angle, key factors in determining the solar incidence
angle [30]. On the other hand, PTC with two-axis tracking
systems present better efficiencies [31], but they have higher
investment, operation and maintenance costs, not applicable to
SSPTC [32].
There are several configurations for possible movements of
the PTC and SSPTC systems to follow the solar path. The
movement of the device can be partial or continuous during the
day [33]. For the first configuration, the system follows the
solar path for specific time intervals during a set time slot, for
the second configuration, the system ensures that the solar rays
are reflected at any time of the day to the focal point [34].
Additionally, the control system can be open-loop, where a
mathematical algorithm predicts the trajectory, or closed-loop,
where a solar radiation sensor identifies the position of the sun
during the day and sends a signal to a controller, to define the
device tilt angle [35].
This study aimed to improve the efficiency of an SSPTC
artisan prototype through the development of a solar tracking
system on one axis, through the design of a closed loop control
system. The details are organized as follows.
In section two, the materials used, the control system and the
methodology developed are presented. In section three, the
results and the discussion of the experimentation process
carried out are presented, by means of field tests, in order to
determine the percentage of tracking error of the designed and
implemented system. Finally, in section four, the relevant
conclusions of the work are presented.
II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A.
SSPTC Prototype without Solar Tracking “Manual”
The solar tracking system was implemented in a craft
prototype SSPTC developed by the Research Group on energy,
automation and control systems (GISEAC), of the Unidades
Tecnológicas de Santander (UTS), Bucaramanga, Colombia
[36]. The SSPTC device was manufactured by the GISEAC
research group in order to experiment with decentralized
thermal systems for the production of hot water, applying the
Appropriate Technology (AT) concept, based on the use of
easily accessible resources in the construction area. , low cost,
easy maintenance and operation.
The SSPTC craft Prototype is based on 4 components:
Reflector Area
Receiver tube
Pumping system
Structure
Solar tracking is done manually for the entire reflecting
surface. Fig. 1 shows the full-scale model of the initial SSPTC
device without solar tracking and Table I present the relevant
characteristics of the system components.
Additionally, the SSPTC prototype presented an average
experimental efficiency value of � = 34.32 % in hydro-
dynamic conditions, under the meteorological conditions of
Bucaramanga, Colombia [36].
S
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Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 01, enero-marzo de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
Fig 1. SSPTC craft prototype with manual tracking
TABLE I
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARTISANAL PROTOTYPE SSPTC
PARAMETERS
Reflector Area Material
Grade
Dimensions
Thickness
Finish
Reflector Tube Matter
Emissivity
Thermal conductivity
Area
Concentration ratio
Water Pump
B.
Solar Tracking Mechanisms
Fig. 2 shows the mechanical components used in the design
and implementation of the solar path tracking system for the
SSPTC prototype. Fig. 3 shows the mechanical configuration
that allows it to be coupled to the collector shaft composed of:
a hoist made up of mechanical pinions, bearings, clamping
mechanisms, chain transmission and an electric motor. The
time it will take for the SSPTC prototype to travel 180 ° C will
be 44 seconds.
TABLE II
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MECHANICAL COMPONENTS OF THE SOLAR
TRACKING SYSTEM
PARAMETERS
CHARACTERISTICS
Pinions
Quantity 8, teeth 14, 16, 48
y 72
Torque transmission
1732 N*m.
RPM transmission
0.7 RPM
Electric Motor
1/6 HP – 110 V
Fig 2. Solar tracking mechanism
C.
Hardware control and power system
Table III shows the components used in the articulation of the
control system for solar tracking of the SSPTC prototype and
Table IV the components of the power maneuvering system. It
is important to highlight that the elements were selected under
the Appropriate Technology model, through a matrix where
technical characteristics, cost, local availability, maintenance
and operation were evaluated.
TABLE III
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTROL COMPONENTS OF THE SOLAR TRACKING
SYSTEM
PARAMETERS
CHARACTERISTICS
Position Sensor
ESP32
LUX Sensor
BH1750
Micro
Raspberry PI3
Resistance
1kohm
Potentiometer
N/A
TABLE IV
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM POWER COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS
PARAMETERS
CHARACTERISTICS
Contactor
Breaker
20 Amperes
SSR
Fig. 3 shows the connections of the control and power
elements to the ESP32 position sensor. Fig. 3(a) shows the
potentiometer connection and Fig. 3(b) shows the connection of
the LUX sensor that measures the intensity of solar radiation
with the input pins of the ESP32 controller. Finally, Fig. 3(c),
shows the connection of the output signal emitted by the ESP32
controller to the solid-state relay (SSR) to energize the electric
motor.
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Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 01, enero-marzo de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira.
Fig 3. Connection of power control and maneuver sensorics with the ESP32
position controller
the automatic system performs a monitoring sequence
autonomously. Fig. 5 shows the flow chart of the code
developed for the manual solar tracking system. For its part, the
development of the automatic tracking control algorithm
system, made up of different codes developed to fulfill specific
tasks, which are finally interconnected in order to maintain a
solar tracking trajectory.
Fig 5. Operation algorithm manual
Fig. 6 shows the first algorithm developed for the automatic
solar tracking process, where the code recognizes if the system
was turned on and starts a solar radiation recognition process.
D.
Control Algorithm
To determine the trajectory of the SSPTC prototype for the
solar tracking process, a control algorithm was developed using
the ESP32 position sensor and the Raspberry PI3
microprocessor. For the case of the angular position, the
maximum value of LUX is determined with the solar radiation
measurement sensor applying a closed control loop as shown in
Fig. 4. It is important to note that two modes of operation were
designed for the solar tracking:
Fig 4. Closed loop control system for angular position
In the case of manual operation, the personnel in charge of
the SSPTC decide whether the device turns left or right, while
Fig 6. Solar tracking process start algorithm
The sequence of execution automatically starts by the action
of the zero-position algorithm as presented in Fig. 7, where the
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Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 01, enero-marzo de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
collector looks for the angular position at 25 ° to start the solar
trace process.
Fig 7. Zero position algorithm
Fig. 8 shows the solar trace algorithm, active by the zero-
position system, which seeks to move the solar collector by
means of the signal delivered by the LUX meter, in charge of
identifying the position with the highest solar radiation.
Once the solar position is identified by means of the tracking
algorithm, the final position algorithm is executed (See Fig. 9)
that activates the electric motor until the SSPTC prototype is
located in the position with the highest solar radiation.
Fig 8. Tracking Algorithm
Fig 9. Final position algorithm of the SSPTC prototype
Additionally, a code is developed through the Python
programming language for the Raspberry, in order to create
communication with the ESP32 control module, allowing the
development of an interface to monitor in real time the intrinsic
variables in the process, applying the LabVIEW software
collecting the information coming from the Raspberry PI 3 (See
Fig. 10). It is important to note that the LabVIEW tool is only
responsible for displaying the process variables, which implies
that the system can operate without the need for a PC since the
control is carried out directly by the ESP32.
Fig 10. Graphical Interface in LabVIEW raspberry system connected to
ESP32 sensor
III.
RESULTS Y DISCUSSION
A.
Deviation Error
The percentage error of the LUX measurement (Solar
radiation measurement sensor) is determined by means of a
comparative verification process, using an AMEC brand
standard luxmeter. Instrument model CA811. The reading error
can be determined from (1).
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Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 01, enero-marzo de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira.
Error =
Standard measure−Labview measure
Standard measure
(1)
model developed with materials that present
favourable optical characteristics for the construction
Table V shows the daily average values in LUX, which were
taken into account in the experimentation process to determine
the difference or the percentage error of the solar measurement
sensor. The data was collected through the use of the Graphical
Interface developed in LabVIEW to visualize the intrinsic
variables in the process, applying (1) and it is concluded that:
The maximum average percentage of error of the solar
radiation measurement system is 0.73%, a value that
reflects the accuracy of the measurements
implemented in the solar path tracking system.
TABLE V
DATA TO DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM LUX MEASUREMENT ERROR OF THE
SOLAR MEASUREMENT SENSOR
Day
Average
Standard
LabVIEW
Error %
1
1560
1555
0.32
2
1830
1825
0.27
3
1250
1245
0.40
4
5570
5565
0.09
5
3225
3220
0.16
6
689
684
0.73
7
725
720
0.69
Máximum error
0.73
B.
Automatic tracking system
The calculation of the system performance can be determined
by applying (2) or using (3), based on a constant and the
algebraic difference between the input temperature (T input)
and the output temperature (T output).
of decentralized PTC.
TABLE VI
PERFORMANCE AND TEMPERATURE VALUES INLET AND OUTLET OF THE
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF THE AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
Day
Average
T input °C
T output °C
Performance %
1
66
112
51.7
2
65
111
51.7
3
63
112
55.1
4
65
113
54.0
5
65
110
50.6
6
64
110
51.7
7
65
109
49.5
8
66
111
50.6
9
65
110
50.6
10
64
112
54.0
10
64
112
54.0
Where:
𝜂
𝑡ℎ
𝑚̇ ∗𝐶
𝑝
∗
(
𝑇
𝑜
−𝑇
𝑖
)
=
𝐴
𝑎
∗𝐺
𝑏
∗𝜂
𝑜
(2)
𝑚̇ : mass Flow
𝐶
𝑝
: Specific heat of water.
𝐴
𝑎
: Collector opening area.
𝐺
𝑏
: Direct solar radiation
𝜂
𝑜
: optical Efficiency.
𝜂
𝑡ℎ
= 1.124 ∗
(
𝑇
𝑜
− 𝑇
𝑖
)
(3)
Table VI presents the daily average values of inlet
temperature and outlet temperature of the experimental tests
developed with the SSPTC prototype, as well as the
performance value applying (3).
Fig. 11 shows the trend of the SSPTC inlet and outlet average
temperature values and Fig. 12 shows the performance trend,
concluding:
The inlet and outlet temperatures differ on average by
56 ° C during the test days, evidencing the stability in
the solar tracking system developed.
The performance of the SSPTC system is in a range of
49.5% and 54%, evidencing an appropriate technology
Fig 11. Graph average temperature trend of SSPC inlet and outlet
Table VII shows the average performance values of the initial
SSPTC prototype, developed by the GISEAC research group
[36] and the SSPTC system with solar path tracking. further,
Fig. 13 presents the trend graph of the final average
performance values with the data presented in Table VII and
concludes:
The efficiency achieved by the SSPTC prototype increased
to 51.95% compared to the initial prototype developed, which
had an efficiency of 31.32%.
T input vs T output
120
100
80
60
T input °C
T output °C
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature °C
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Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 01, enero-marzo de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
TABLE VII
AVERAGE PERFORMANCE VALUES OF THE AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL SYSTEM
OF THE SSPTC PROTOTYPE
Automatic system
51.95
Manual system
34.32
Fig 12. Trend graph of the average performance of the SSPTC
Fig 13. Average performance trend graph of the automatic and manual system
of the SSPTC prototype
IV.
CONCLUSION
The present work dimensioned, implemented and
experimented a single axis solar trajectory tracking system for
a small scale handcrafted parabolic-trough collector prototype.
A control algorithm was developed to follow the position of the
sun during the day by applying a closed loop. The system can
follow the solar path throughout the day, so it can be applied in
various urban or rural areas with weather conditions similar to
those in the city of Bucaramanga, Colombia, or in better
conditions.
The hardware of the solar tracking system is governed by an
ESP32 module and a Raspberry PI3 microcontroller, with
specific characteristics of a system under the Appropriate
Technology
concept,
based
on
low energy
consumption,
availability of auxiliary elements in the region, easy operation
and maintenance. Additionally, a visualization and monitoring
system was developed through the LabVIEW tool.
The performance of the implemented system was evaluated
experimentally in terms of power absorbed by the receiver tube,
evaluating the average values of the device's inlet and outlet
temperatures. Additionally, the value of the automatic tracking
error was determined. Thus, it is concluded:
The influence of the maximum solar tracking error
is less than 1%, due to this, it is evident that it does
not significantly affect the performance of the
device.
The maximum solar tracking error is acceptable
and is the product of the load of the collector's
reflection area, the friction of the shaft, the
resistance of the mechanical accessories used in
the assembly, and the wind speed and direction of
the location where the installation was carried out.
experimentation process.
The performance of the automated solar tracking
system was 51.95%, exceeding by a value greater
than 40% the manual tracking system initially
built, showing an increase in the levels of power
absorbed by the receiver tube when the angular
position of the system, is aligned with the location
of the sun.
Finally, the proposed system presents an attractive low-cost
alternative for the development of low-scale systems of
parabolic-cylinder collectors with solar tracking on one axis,
applying the concept of appropriate technology. The system
presents high levels of efficiency, being a profitable alternative
for the implementation of renewable technologies in areas with
similar operating conditions to those presented in this work.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge the contributions of J.A. Forero-
Monsalve and BA Jaimes-Grimaldos in the project of
“Development of an automated sun tracking system to give
movement to a parabolic cylindrical solar collector through the
implementation of an Esp32 chip and a Servomotor, monitored
by a Raspberry minicomputer”, which was the basis for the
development of the article.
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Brayan Eduardo Tarazona Romero, was
born in Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
in 1992. He received the Engineering
degree in electromechanical from the
Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander,
Colombia, in 2015, the Magister degree in
Renewable energy and energetic efficiency
from the Universidad a Distancia de
Madrid, España, in 2018 and currently
study a Ph.D. in Energy efficiency and sustainability in
engineering and architecture from Universidad del Pais Vasco,
España. From 2016 to 2018, he was a professor at the Unidades
Tecnológicas de Santander, Colombia. In 2019 he was a
parttime research professor at the Unidades Tecnológicas de
Santander, Colombia. Currently, he is a full-time research
14
Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 01, enero-marzo de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
professor at the Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander,
Colombia. His research interests include automation and
industrial control, renewable energy, alternative solar thermal
alternative solar desalination systems. Mr. Brayan´s attached to
the Research Group on Energy Systems, Control and
Automation GISEAC (Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander).
He is previously recognized as a Minciencias, Colombia as a
Junior investigator.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6099-0921
Javier Gonzalo Ascanio Villabona, was
born in Bucaramanga, Santander,
Colombia in 1990. He received the
Engineering degree in electromechanical
from the Unidades Tecnológicas de
Santander, Colombia, in 2015, the
Magister degree in Renewable energy and
energetic efficiency from the Universidad
a Distancia de Madrid, España, in 2018 and currently study a
Ph.D. in Energy efficiency and sustainability in engineering and
architecture from Universidad del Pais Vasco, España. From
2015 to 2016, he was a professor of Unidades Tecnológicas de
Santander (UTS). From 2017 to 2018 he was a part-time
research professor UTS, Colombia. Since 2019 to Currently, he
is a full-time research professor at the Technological Units of
Santander, Colombia. His research interest area is the
renewable energy, energetic efficiency and the conductive
materials analysis. Mr. Javier´s attached to the Research Group
on Energy Systems, Control and Automation GISEAC of the
Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander. He is previously
recognized as a Minciencias, Colombia as a Junior investigator.
Since 2018 he is the leader of the EVOTEC research hotbed, at
the Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1749-5399
Arly Darío Rincón Quintero was born in
Aguachica, Cesar, Colombia in 1982. He
received the degree in mechanical
engineering from Francisco de Paula
Santander University, Colombia, in 2005
and the degree Master in Energy Efficiency
and Sustainability from the University of
the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao,
España, in 2013. He is currently pursuing
the Ph.D. degree in Energy efficiency and sustainability in
engineering and architecture with Basque Country UPV/EHU,
Bilbao, España. He is a senior researcher before Minciencias,
Colombia associate professor at the Unidades Tecnológicas de
Santander, in the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 4479-5613
Camilo L. Sandoval R, is an Electronic
Engineer, Master in Electronic Engineering
and Ph.D (c) in Electronics and
Telecommunications from the Universidad
del Pais Vasco. Leader of the research
group in energy systems, automation and
control GISEAC of the (Unidades
Tecnológicas de Santander) UTS. His areas of interest are:
automatic control, signal processing and pattern recognition,
applied to the analysis of materials and structures, and
biomedical engineering. With 14 publications, more than 100
directed engineering degree works and more than 30
participations as a speaker in scientific and academic events.
Consultant specialized in automatic control systems,
participation in various technological development and
innovation projects. He is recognized as an Associate
Researcher (I) according to the Ministry of Science,
Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Colombia, from
2018 to the present.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8584-0137