Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 03, julio-septiembre de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. ISSN 0122-1701 y ISSN-e: 2344-7214
127
E
nZEB buildings, analysis of the research trend
Edificios nZEB, análisis de la tendencia de investigación
J. G. Ascanio-Villabona ; B. E. Tarazona-Romero ; C. L. Sandoval-Rodriguez ; A. D. Rincon-
Quintero ; J. G. Meradey-Lazaro
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22517/23447214.24795
Scientific and technological research article
Abstract— In this paper, the research trend in relation to the
NZEB buildings is explored, through the analysis of selected
scientific articles published in 11 journals collected in
chronological order from 2014 to 2020. The analysis is carried out
on the basis and terms of annual investigative publications of the
documents in relation to the NZEB, such as contributions made by
countries, institutions, authors, and research topics covered. The
study carried out uses a document review methodology. The
analysis reveals a growing interest in energy efficiency research in
recent times, implying that the importance that the construction
industry attaches to NZEB in consequences of global warming and
accelerating environmental problems. The findings also indicate
that, during the period studied, researchers in developed economy
areas such as the US and Italy contributed higher rates to
promoting research on NZEB. Developing countries like China
also went to great lengths to promote research. Research topics
covered tend to focus on studies completed with NZEB project
delivery and development, building rehabilitation, energy
performance, and advanced technologies applied for energy
improvement in buildings. This research provides a valuable
platform for industry professionals and researchers to understand
NZEB construction research trends and developments, including
their applicability and their future research and contributions to
the topic.
Index Terms— Energy efficiency, nZEB buildings, Research
trends, Sustainable development, Sustainable architectures.
Resumen— En el presente trabajo se exploran la tendencia de
investigación con relación a los edificios NZEB, mediante el
análisis de artículos científicos seleccionados publicados en 11
revistas recopilados en orden cronológico desde el año 2014 hasta
el 2020. El análisis se realiza en base y términos de publicaciones
investigativas anuales de los documentos con relación a los NZEB,
como contribuciones realizadas por países, instituciones, autores,
y temas de investigación cubiertos. El estudio realizado utiliza una
metodología de revisión documental. El análisis revela un
creciente interés de investigación de rendimiento energético en los
últimos tiempos, lo que implica la importancia que la industria de
la construcción atribuye a NZEB en consecuencias al
calentamiento global y problemática ambiental se está acelerando.
This manuscript was sent on June 29, 2021 and accepted on June 20, 2023.
Derived product of the research project “Analysis of the research trend in nZEB
buildings”, presented by the research group on Energy Systems, Automation
and Control, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering. Unidades
Tecnológicas de Santander.
J. G. Ascanio-Villabona, Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander,
Bucaramanga, Colombia, email: jascanio@correo.uts.edu.co
B. E. Tarazona-Romero, Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander,
Bucaramanga, Colombia, email: btarazona@correo.uts.edu.co.
Los hallazgos también indican que, durante el período estudiado,
los investigadores de las zonas con economías desarrolladas como
los EE. UU., e Italia contribuye-ron con índices más altos a
promover la investigación sobre NZEB. Los países en desarrollo
como China también hicieron grandes esfuerzos para promover la
investigación. Los temas de investigación cubiertos tienden a
centrarse en los estudios finalizados con la entrega y el desarrollo
de proyectos de NZEB, rehabilitación de edificios, rendimiento
energético y tecnologías avanzadas que se aplican para el
mejoramiento energético en las edificaciones. Esta investigación
proporciona una plataforma valiosa para que los profesionales e
investigadores de la industria comprendan las tendencias y los
desarrollos de investigación de la construcción NZEB, incluida su
aplicabilidad, sus futuras investigaciones y contribuciones al tema.
Palabras claves— Arquitecturas sostenibles, Desarrollo
sostenible, Eficiencia energética, Edificios nZEB, Tendencias de la
investigación.
I. INTRODUCTION
SPECIALLY the construction sector is one of the main
causes of pollution, since the processes of the heating and
cooling system in the building release excessive emissions to
the environment [1]–[3]. Therefore, it is necessary to change
the direction requiring the design of new buildings to reduce the
annual energy demand and support it by incorporating systems
powered by renewable energy (RES) [4], [5]. However, the
challenge is not conditional on the new buildings [6], [7].
Likewise, the efficiency of the construction sector is
considered an important point to achieve the purpose of
sustainable development [8] ,[9], and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions [10], [11], where the energy performance of
buildings can be improved through various measures, both
characteristics of the built environment as well as local
conditions [12], [13].
Considering the thermal characteristics of the building[14],
it is important to distinguish between the old and the new
C. L. Sandoval-Rodriguez, Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander,
Bucaramanga, Colombia, email: csandoval@correo.uts.edu.co
A.
D.
Rincon-Quintero,
Unidades
Tecnológicas
de
Santander,
Bucaramanga, Colombia, email: Arincon@correo.uts.edu.co
J. G. Meradey-Lazaro, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga ,
Bucaramanga, Colombia, email: jmaradey@unab.edu.co
128
Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 03, julio-septiembre de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
structure[15], [16]. In new buildings, the design phase allows
the use of a complete set of information generally derived from
technical tables of products and materials[17]. On the other
hand, for contemporary buildings, the technical data of the
materials used may not be queried[18], because files may have
been lost or the structural intervention may change the internal
composition of the walls [19].
Therefore, in the general field of focusing on planning energy
efficiency tactics, the construction of Net Zero Energy
Buildings (Net Zero Energy Buildings NZEB) is a fast growing
method due to superior environmental performance [20],
compared to ordinary buildings of the same scale and
occupancy rate [21][22].
Generally speaking, NZEB refers to buildings whose actual
energy required for operation and maintenance is less than or
less than the amount of electricity generated by means of
renewable energy at the point or outside the residence. This is
achieved through the installation of energy efficiency measures
(EEM) to reduce the energy demand of the building, while
complementing the remaining energy demand with renewable
energy measures (REM), namely photovoltaic cells, factories of
wind power, geothermal power, and various other hybrids [23],
[24].
The United States The National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) estimates that, by making full use of
existing energy saving measures and technologies, energy can
be reduced by 40-50%, while the rest it is generally provided
through REM on-site or off-site [25]. In summary, if these two
practices (energy efficiency measures and renewable energy
measures) are combined, it would be possible to overcome the
need to connect to the electricity grid for buildings [26].
Today, the NZEBs are the center of attention for the
European Union, since they are taking care of giving an
effective response to the problems caused to the environment
such as pollution, global warming, among others. The currently
perceived result of climate change is nothing more than the
result of poor political, technical and economic decisions,
which do not meet current needs [27].
Considering the above situation, this work involves an
analysis of the global construction trends of NZEB, exploring
the latest research from other countries, institutions, and authors
in order to provide promising contractual methods for the
construction of the industry and contribute to the development
sustainable.
II.
METHODOLOGIC
For researchers and scientists to acquire knowledge about the
current state and future trends of a given topic, Tsai and Wen
[28], affirm that a methodical analysis of articles published in
scientific and academic journals is essential for a research
society [29]. Therefore, the review method is used, where
research studies on NZEB published in scientific journals from
2015 to 2020 are collected systematically analyzing to provide
a state of the art on research trends on NZEB and identify key
research areas. This review method is based on two steps: (1)
selection of journals, (2) selection of relevant articles.
A.
NZEB definition
Concerns about the impact of the construction industry on
human health, excessive energy use [27], and global climate
change make NZEB an effective alternative [30]. According to
directive 2010/31 / EU [31], [32], nZEB is a building with
almost zero energy consumption and a very high energy
efficiency level. The energy demand in it is very low or almost
zero, so it must supplement most of its energy on many
occasions with energy from renewable sources.
However, the NZEB concept has different definitions, and
they depend on the climatic, political and / or economic
conditions of the country in which the building is located [33],
however the objective is common: to reduce the environmental
impact of the houses. The four suggestions suggested by the
NREL, and DOE are presented below:
Zero Net Site Energy: ZEB generates at least as
much energy as it consumes in one year.
Net Zero Source Energy - When it comes to energy,
zero energy generates at least the same amount of
energy that you use in a year, which refers to the
primary energy that is used to produce and deliver
energy for the site.
Net zero energy cost: In the ZEB cost, the amount
that the grid operator pays the building owner for
the energy it provides to the grid is equal to the
amount of electricity and consumption paid by the
owner to the operator during an anus.
Net Zero Energy Emissions - This is a net zero
emissions building that produces at least as much
clean energy as it uses non-clean energy.
The selection of the definition is decided according to the
needs and requirements of both each project and the user or
designer.
B.
Selection of magazines
First, to identify the academic journals that published articles
related to NZEB between 2015 and 2020, databases such as
Mendeley, Scopus and mainly ScienceDirect were used. Also,
using moderate language with appropriate keywords such as
"NZEB", "NZEB constructions", "trends in NZEB buildings".
Once the search keywords were selected, these pages were used
to perform a systematic desktop search identifying and
selecting the building construction journals or energy journals
(renewable energy, thermal energy, etc.) related to the study.
From the search carried out, 250 documents were found with
more than 40 journals (both construction and other topics not
related to the study). Therefore, a more detailed filter was made
in the database, that is, finally, 11 construction and energy
journals were selected for this study, finding: Developments in
the built environment, Applied Thermal Engineering, Energy,
Renewable Energy, Summary Data, Construction Engineering
Magazine, Energy Procedure, Energy and Building, Building
and Environment, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
and Sustainable Cities and Society.
Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 03, julio-septiembre de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
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Number of jobs
It should be noted that the purpose of the research at this
stage is to review research articles on NZEB trends. These
articles that only mention any keyword in their title or abstract
or keywords, but do not focus on the NZEB topic are excluded
from the compilation. According to this selection criterion, a
total of 30 articles are considered valid and can be analyzed in
more detail. Summarizes the results of the initial search and the
number of related articles from each of the 11 selected journals.
C.
Selection of relevant articles
As mentioned above, 30 documents were considered.
However, since the general search used undefined keywords,
there was a possibility that inconsequential articles would still
be submitted. Thus, the most relevant studies were selected with
the help of defined selection criteria [34]. If the document meets
each of the criteria, the article will be selected for the
development of the research.
III.
RESULTS
The purpose of this study is to provide information on NZEB
TABLE I
UNITS SUMMARY OF SEARCH RESULTS AND NUMBER OF SELECTED ITEMS
Selected magazines No. Jobs Wanted
No. From jobs
collected for this study
application of the NZEB model in Europe has become a
mandatory requirement for new public buildings, all new
buildings before December 31, 2020, must be the same. This is
not surprising, because the NZEB architecture has become one
of the most frequently mentioned topics in current research.
It should be noted that many academic institutions have
included elements focused on these buildings in the study plans,
increasing the awareness of researchers on the subject. In
addition, these buildings have also been the focus of attention
for global sustainability agencies due to environmental
problems and climate change.
In summary, these discoveries show that NZEB research has
experienced a growing trend of interest in recent years, this
means that it is becoming a key point for the global construction
society. In short, this is because there are currently a large
number of NZEB initiatives from both state and non-state
groups, where the admission of these constructions at the
international level is catalyzed. Such is the case with most of
the current governments that direct or plan to direct market
activities by means of legislative decrees and governmental
public policies of NZEB (as mandatory minimum energy of
energy in efficiency standards).
E. Contributions from countries, institutions and researchers
to NZEB research
Developments in the
built environment
3 2
Applied Thermal
Engineering
2 1
12
energy 10 5
renewable energy 3 1
10
Summary Data 2 1
8
Construction
engineering magazine
1 1 6
It came from energy 12 6
4
Energy and Building 11 6
2
Building and
Environment
3 1
Renewable and
sustainable energy 8 3
reviews
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year of Publication
Sustainable cities and
5 3
society
TOTAL 60 30
architectural research trends by reviewing research articles
selected according to scientific criteria. Therefore, it should be
considered that the results presented here are based entirely on
the analysis of the research articles obtained in the selection
criteria matrix.
Results are presented in terms of annual publication trends,
research contributions from different countries, institutions, and
authors, and research topics covered over time.
D.
Annual publication trend
Fig. 1 highlights the annual distribution of NZEB-related
analytical articles. It is observed that, among the 30 articles
analyzed, only one was published between 2013 and 2016. This
can be easily explained as the first NZEB EU directive was
introduced in 2010 [35], so there are few publications as it was
made during that period. Furthermore, the remaining 29 articles
were published between 2017 and 2020, demonstrating that
NZEB has received increasing attention from researchers in
recent years. This is because, as of December 31, 2018, the
Fig. 1. Annual trend of research publications
Table II shows the country of origin of publication of the
selected studies, together with the total sum of researchers and
institutions included. From the table it can be inferred that, in
the stage studied, research was carried out in both advanced and
developing countries, denoting that NZEB is of global interest.
However, among the articles reviewed are countries that
contributed, such as Italy, Hong Kong, USA, Spain. In
summary, these countries have produced more contributions to
NZEB research compared to others.
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When analyzing the level of focus on sustainable
construction in these countries, they can be understood as
significant and congruent. The great interest in green building
TABLE I I
UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Country/ City
Institutions
Authors
Documents
3
9
4
1
5
1
1
5
1
1
4
1
2
6
2
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
7
1
3
7
4
1
3
1
1
3
1
8
45
11
1
6
1
Total 25 108 30
industrial activities advanced NZEB research in these countries.
The low participation of research in developing countries is due
to various factors such as the lack of culture in publication, the
zero priority in the construction activities of these buildings and
the lack of awareness regarding the potential of the NZEB,
which may contribute to the low participation of research in
developing countries.
The results show that various researchers from all over the
world and institutions gave time and effort to develop these
NZEB studies during the study period.
F.
Research topics covered.
In this study, research interests / topics have been identified
in NZEB-related articles published during the research period
and have been identified and divided into three different groups
for summary and differentiation.
The three categories of NZEB research interests identified
are:
•
Rehabilitation of buildings
•
Energy efficiency
•
Advanced technologies
This rating is for comparative purposes only. Therefore, the
list of NZEB articles provided in this document is considered
valuable based on your research interests and is only suitable
for reference within a limited scope. Each article is assigned
only to one of the three main research interests. So, if an article
seems to cover multiple research interests, put it in the most
appropriate category.
From the review performed on selected NZEB articles, it was
found that the studies of buildings constructed as NZEB, mainly
focus on energy efficiency cost optimization and energy
efficiency as [23], [36]–[39]; [17]–[21]; life cycle analysis of a
building as [44], [45]. Table 3 summarizes the three main
research topics and their subtopics, as well as the percentage of
articles contained in each research topic. It shows that more
attention has been paid to Energy performance with 53% of the
articles included in this area, followed by Rehabilitation of
buildings, with 40%, and advanced technologies (3%).
G.
Current state of NZEB's research interests
Due to the negative impact of daily construction activities on
the environment and the growing global awareness of global
climate change, NZEB has become increasingly popular in
recent years, with most of the existing research focused on the
"Energy efficiency". The literature related to this topic covers a
variety of subtopics, focusing on topics related to life cycle
analysis, energy consumption, photovoltaic power generation
strategies, energy, and economic analysis of NZEB
applications. Buildings account for 40% of the world's total
energy use. Therefore, the need to reduce energy use and
introduce renewable energy into buildings has always been a
long-standing and significant problem in the construction
industry.
For example, in the European Union, the Energy
Performance of Buildings Recast Directive (EPBD) stipulates
that by 2020, the energy level of all new buildings should be
close to zero [46], which means that it is expected that all new
buildings become new buildings. The energy savings were
achieved in less than ten years.
In other words, most of the previous studies have focused on
exploring the factors that contribute to the energy efficiency of
buildings and the resulting cost optimization, which can affect
or improve the results of construction projects.
NZEB, barriers to adoption and benefits. If stakeholders
continue to understand that NZEB can have a positive impact
in solving various environmental problems, more projects are
expected to pursue green certification in the future. In other
words, the demand for green buildings will continue to increase.
Therefore, the "Energy performance" subtopics will continue to
arouse the interest of future researchers.
The second popular topic is "building restoration". This topic
solves the problems of achieving NZEB building renovation
goals, economic and energy payback time, and building repairs
to achieve NZEB certification. The results in Table 3 show that
a lot of research has been done on these topics, and it is not
surprising to find this, because it is essential to solve the high
energy consumption in existing buildings, which is
characterized by an average age of approximately 55 years. In
particular, the transformation of existing buildings in NZEB
requires an appropriate combination of technologies, systems,
renewable energy and high-efficiency envelope solutions based
on location, legislation and market conditions [47].
Regarding the third topic "advanced technology". The
literature on energy efficiency technologies and their
implementation is a well-developed field, and the general
methods used to implement zero-grid modernization have
almost no restrictions and therefore need to be reviewed. The
general method used in existing research is to analyze the
current state of the building and develop a strategy to renovate
the building within that time frame, such as NZEB. The current
method of using energy simulation software programs.
Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 03, julio-septiembre de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
131
TABLE III
PERCENTAGE OF ARTICLES BELONGING TO THE THREE MAIN RESEARCH TOPICS / INTERESTS
Research
topics
Subtopics
Percentage of
documents (%)
Building
rehabilitations
Thermal characterization of existing buildings [16];
Achieving NZEB targets for renovated buildings [39],
[48]; Energy recovery time for NZEB modernization[40];
40
renewal through renewable energy sources[49].
Energy
efficiency
Indoor comfort in the Mediterranean climate [50]; Data on
energy consumption [47], [51]; life cycle analysis,
photovoltaic generation strategies[37], [52]; construction
design using algorithms[42]; cost optimization and energy
57
efficiency [53]; energy and economic analysis for NZEB
applications [54].
Advanced
technologies
Simulation systems for construction [55]–[59]; NZEB
buildings integrated with electric vehicles[60].
3
is also limited to using modified building performance
parameters to perform energy simulations and obtain changes
in energy use during a specific modernization period. This
clearly shows the need to solve this problem and create
advanced information and communication technologies.
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
The increasing global focus on sustainability and climate
change has made NZEBs one of the biggest issues in the
construction sector. As a result, research on NZEB has
increased in recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this
research is to systematically analyse NZEB research articles
published in 11 selected journals, namely, built environment
development, applied thermal engineering, energy and
renewable energy, to provide information on NZEB research
trends and development in the construction industry. Energy,
Data Summary, Construction Engineering Magazine, Energy
Programs, Energy and Building, Building and Environment,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review and Sustainable
Cities and Society from 2014 to 2020.
A total of 30 NZEB-related articles were analysed in this study.
An analysis of the number of articles published each year shows
that NZEB research publications have been increasing in recent
years. Developed countries such as the United States, Hong
Kong and Italy have made the largest contribution to NZEB
research by publishing the most relevant articles. Although
developing countries such as China have made great efforts to
promote research, in view of the rapid pace of urbanisation in
developing countries, they are expected to increase their efforts.
Three categories: (1) Energy performance; (2) Building
retrofitting; and (3) Advanced technology are identified as the
main research interests of NZEB publications. Among them,
"energy efficiency" has always been the main theme and will
remain a key focus for future research. Finally, it should be
noted that this review is not exhaustive because it is limited to
the construction industry, which limits the promotion of the
findings to other industries. Future revision may be required to
increase the sample size, and focus on NZEB in other industries
to provide useful findings for the future research reported in this
article. Moreover, public authorities are required to develop
open access nZEB implementation databases and methods to
improve the implementation trend of these buildings.
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Javier Ascanio Villabona. Was Born in
Bucaramanga, Santander.
Electromechanical technologist of the
Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander,
Colombia in 2013. Electromechanical
Engineer of the Unidades Tecnológicas de
Santander, Colombia in 2015. Master in
Renewable
Energies
and Energy
Efficiency from the Distance University of Madrid, Spain in
2018 and PhD in Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in
Engineering and Architecture at the University of the Basque
Country EHU-UPV, Spain. Teacher of the Unidades
Tecnológicas de Santander, attached to the Coordination of
Electromechanics, leader of the seedbed Technological
Evolution EVOTEC attached to the Research Group on Energy
Systems, Automation and ControlGISEAC.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1749-5399
Brayan Eduardo Tarazona Romero. was
born in Floridablanca, Santander, on
August 21, 1992. Electromechanical
technologist of the Unidades Tecnológicas
de Santander, Colombia in 2013. Ingeniero
Electromecánico de las Unidades
Tecnológicas de Santander, Colombia en el
año 2015. Master in Renewable Energies
and Energy Efficiency from the Open University of Madrid,
Spain in 2018 and PhD in Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
in Engineering and Architecture from the University of the
Basque Country EHU-UPV, Spain. Professor of the
Technological Units of Santander, attached to the Coordination
of Electromechanics, the seedbed Technological Evolution
EVOTEC and the Research Group in Energy Systems,
Automation and Control GISEAC.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6099-0921
Camilo L. Sandoval R. Was born in
Bucaramanga, Santander, on July 24,
1977. Electronic Engineer from the
Industrial University of Santander, Master
in Electronic Engineering from the
Industrial University of Santander and
PhD in electronics and communications
from the University of the Basque Country
EHU-UPV, Spain. Professor of the Technological Units of
Santander, attached to the Coordination of Electromechanics
and director of the Research Group on Energy Systems,
Automation and Control GISEAC.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8584-0137
Arly Darío Rincón Quintero was born in
Aguachica, Cesar, Colombia in 1982. He
received the degree in mechanical
engineering from Francisco de Paula
Santander University, Colombia, in 2005
and the degree Master in Energy Efficiency
and Sustainability from the University of
the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao,
134
Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 03, julio-septiembre de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
España, in 2013. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in
Energy efficiency and sustainability in engineering and
architecture with Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, España.
He is a senior researcher before MinCiencias, Colombia
associate professor at the Unidades Tecnologicas de Santander,
in the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4479-5613
Jessica Gissella Maradey L. was born in Bucaramanga,
Santander, Colombia. She is a Mechanical Engineer, Master in
Engineering with emphasis in Quality Systems and
Productivity, Master in Mechanical Engineering and Ph.D
student in Engineering from the Universidad Autónoma de
Bucaramanga. Certified Vibration Analyst ISO Category I.
Member of RELIEVE (Red Latinoamericana de Investigación
en Energía y Vehículos). Her areas of
interest are: energy and vehicles; dynamics,
vibration and control; structural health.
ASME and SAE Member. Researcher at
Control and Mechatronics Research Group
(GYCIM) by Universidad Autónoma de
Bucaramanga and Dynamic, Control and
Robotic Research Group (DiCBoT) by
Universidad Industrial de Santander. 8
years automotive industry experience. Associate Professor of
Mechatronics Engineering Program at Universidad Autónoma
de Bucaramanga.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-1965