Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 04, octubre-diciembre de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. ISSN 0122-1701 y ISSN-e: 2344-7214

208

Simulation of a Tele-Surgery process through a Live

Video Streaming service, using Simu5G and Wowza

J. E. Rosas-Ibarra ; V. Muñoz-Mayor ; J.L. Arciniegas-Herrera ; H. F. Bermúdez-Orozco

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22517/23447214.24786

Scientific and technological research paper

Abstract— Telematic services that require low latency for real-

time applications and that make use of wireless mobile networks

are increasingly popular. In the case of Tele-Surgery services that

employ Live Video Streaming (LVS), latency times of the order of

1ms are needed. Given the difficulty of implementing real 5G test

scenarios that enable this type of service to be characterized, this

paper presents an emulation scenario that uses Simu5G to simulate

the network, Wowza as a real video server, OBS Studio for

transmission and VLC media player for content playback. This

emulation scenario makes it possible to modify such parameters as

bitrate, bandwidth, frequency and numerology index in order to

evaluate different network configurations. By varying these

parameters in a controlled way, packet losses are obtained for

different bitrate values. The best quality video was obtained with a

bitrate of 3000 Kbps.

Index Terms— Bitrate; 5G; OBS; LVS, Simu5G; Telesurgery;

VLC; Wowza.

Resumen— Los servicios telemáticos que requieren baja latencia

para aplicaciones en tiempo real y que utilizan las redes móviles

inalámbricas son cada vez más populares. El caso del servicio de

Tele-Cirugía que emplea la técnica de Live Video Streaming –LVS

requiere tiempos de latencia del orden de 1ms. Ante la dificultad de

implementar escenarios de prueba reales de 5G que permitan

caracterizar este tipo de servicios, se presenta en este trabajo un

escenario de emulación que emplea Simu5G para simular la red,

Wowza como servidor real de video, OBS Studio para la

transmisión y VLC media player para la reproducción del

contenido. Este escenario de emulación permite modificar

parámetros como bitrate, ancho de banda, frecuencia e índice de

numerología; con el objetivo de evaluar diferentes configuraciones

de red. Variando de forma controlada los parámetros

mencionados, se obtienen las pérdidas de paquetes para diferentes

valores de bitrate. De acuerdo a los resultados, y para el escenario

de prueba particular, el vídeo con una mejor calidad se obtuvo con

un bitrate de 3000 Kbps.

Palabras Clave—5G; LVS; OBS; Telecirugia; Tasa de bit; Simu5G;

VLC; Wowza.

This manuscript was submitted on January 24, 2023, accepted on September 12,

2023 and published on December 15, 2023.

J. E. Rosas-Ibarra is a graduate of the Electronic and Telecommunications

Engineering Program of the University of Cauca, Popayán, Colombia (e-mail:

rjavier@unicauca.edu.co).

V. Muñoz-Mayor is a graduate of the Electronic and Telecommunications

Engineering Program of the University of Cauca, Popayán, Colombia (e-mail:

valemunoz@unicauca.edu.co ).

INTRODUCTION

ROUND five billion people have no access to surgical care

when they need it, due to the unavailability of qualified surgeons

[1]. Technological progress has made the gradual

implementation of remote surgery possible. The current methods of

transmission (3G, 4G and LTE Advanced) have suffered however

from significant limitations, with the quality and quantity of data

transmitted far from the latency times required (1-2 ms). Such

limitations can be life-threatening for patients, especially when there

is limited time to make decisions [2].

Tele-Surgery connects patients and doctors (Specialists) by means

of a wireless/wired network and a robotic system. The robot translates

each movement of the surgeon into a movement of the surgical

instruments as the surgical operation is displayed on a video screen

[3].

Today a number of state-of-the-art Tele-Surgery systems (robots)

are available featuring different degrees of freedom and for use in a

range of types of surgery. Surgical robots generally consist of three

robotic arms - two to manipulate surgical instruments and one to

control the laparoscope [4].

But a report from the University of Illinois indicates that in the 15

years from 2004 to 2019 at least 144 deaths and 1,391 injuries

occurred in robotic surgery in the United States [5]. The deaths and

injuries were attributed to system errors and network latency,

producing no small degree of uncertainty as regards the reliability of

remote procedures [6].

Solving some of these problems is possible through the use of 5G

networks, given that traditional wireless networks such as 3G, 4G and

LTE Advanced provide latencies that are not appropriate for long

distance Tele-Surgery. 5G networks using URLLC (Ultra-reliable

low-latency communication) provide more stable transmissions of

data up to 100 times faster than their predecessors (10 GB/s),

reducing latency up to 1 ms and enabling safer surgical

procedures and improving the degree of satisfaction of the

surgical team [7].

Accordingly, this article will analyze the critical

hypothetical case of Tele-Surgery in which simulators are used

to provide a 5G network that allows connection with tools that

J.L. Arciniegas-Herrera is Ph.D. in engineering, professor of the Dpt. of

Telematics, University of Cauca, Colombia, Popayán, Colombia (e-mail:

jlarci@unicauca.edu.co).

H. F. Bermúdez-Orozco is Ph.D. in engineering, professor of the Electronic

Engineering Program of the University of Quindio, Armenia, Colombia. (e-

mail: hfbermudez@uniquindio.edu.co).

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work as a server and client. An acceptable video quality can thus

be displayed on reception, according to the analysis of the

packet loss obtained.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2

presents the related concepts and previous studies. The design

and implementation of the scenario is described in Section 3.

Section 4 presents the parameters to be modified and the

modification to the Simu5G configuration files. The analysis

and evidence are presented in Section 5. Finally, Section 6

presents the conclusions and future work.

II.

BASIC CONCEPTS AND RELATED WORKS

Related Work

An analysis was made in [8] of the communication

requirements in a mission critical application, in which the

system was separated into two sites - the virtual reality site and

the robot site. The connection was created through an OpenVPN

server running on a cloud server in Helsinki, Finland. The

network connection setup used User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

to achieve fast delivery of packets. During the broadcast, video

quality was inadequate. Under optimal network conditions and

without experiencing any attacks, the system ran smoothly with

almost no delays. With 5G networks, there is a lack of research

and testing for high-definition video feedback and other more

demanding data streams that are necessary for such surgeries.

Elsewhere, in [9], a phantom pituitary tumor removal

experiment was performed twice, once locally and once

remotely via a robotic system to explore the feasibility of

remotely controlling the surgical tools in long-distance

procedures for endonasal skull base surgery. Tool movements

and endoscopic video were transmitted over the Internet using

free Skype software. Extremely low latencies were found to be

possible over standard Internet connections. The main focus of

the authors was exploring the feasibility of controlling surgical

tools remotely over the internet using Skype, but no research

has been carried out on its feasibility with such networks as 5G.

In [10], meanwhile, the authors investigated communication

bandwidth (CB) limitation for robotic remote surgery (RRS)

using Hinotori, a novel surgical robot made in Japan. The

operating rooms of the Hokkaido University Hospital and the

Kyushu University Hospital were connected through the

Scientific Information Network (SINET). Ten surgeons were

evaluated in a task (intracorporeal suture) at different levels of

video compression. Packet losses were found to be between 3

and 7%. Therefore, a CB greater than 150 Mbps using Hinotori

is feasible for an RRS.

Then, in [11], a 5G-powered Tele-Surgery study used a

surgical robot controlled by a surgeon at a Qingdao tertiary

hospital to remotely perform robot-assisted laparoscopic radical

nephrectomy (RN) on 29 patients in eight primary hospitals.

The total delay between the remote location and the operating

rooms where the surgeries were performed was only 200 ms.

The results demonstrated that the combination of 5G technology

and surgical robots is a potential telemedicine-based option for

kidney tumor therapy.

Basic concepts

The general concepts used in this research are presented

below. The topics featured are video streaming technology, 5G

networks, and network simulators.

Video streaming: Streaming is a technology of

transmission through the network in which there is no

download of the information on a local disk, but rather the

information sent to the client is reproduced in real time on

receiving it. [12]. For this to take place, streaming breaks the

file data into small packets that are sent in a constant,

continuous stream to the playback buffer. [13].

Two systems can be used to transmit video data: VoD (Video

on Demand) and LVS (Live Video Streaming) [14]. VoD is a

media distribution system that allows users to access videos

without a traditional playback device, enabling users to access

multiple content at the exact moment they want [15]. LVS

meanwhile allows users to share audiovisual content in real

time with viewers around the world. It faces a greater challenge

than VoD, given that the service must be kept continuous in

real time and with as few errors as possible [16]. Thus,

regardless of when a client connects to the server, they all see

exactly the same point of transmission at a given moment

(except for the logical variations in network delays that cause

some clients to receive data earlier than others) [12 ].

5G networks: 5G builds on the fundamentals

implemented in 4G LTE networks, looking to meet the needs

of future wireless applications such as autonomous vehicles,

and ultra HD (UHD) 3D video transmission [17]. It has

advantages such as: a data speed between 1 to 10 Gbps, which

means almost 10 times the data speed in LTE, which

theoretically is in the order of 100 Mb/s [18]; 1 ms latency for

a bidirectional round of communication, just one tenth of the

latency in 4G; high bandwidth to handle several different

devices that are connected to each other in a given area; and

the ability to handle the connectivity of a large number of

devices in terms of IoT [19].

Network simulators: a large number of simulation tools

are currently used to recreate the operation of the network in as

real a way as possible, each with different characteristics and

capabilities. Among the best known are OMNeT++, OPNET,

NS3, NetSim, GNS3, EstiNet, Qualnet, and J-sim. For the

purpose of this work, OMNeT++ was chosen. A simulation

platform with a modular architecture, OMNeT++ is flexible

when making designs and models of networks, protocols,

multiprocessors or hardware architectures, which makes it

viable for systems where large networks must be modulated.

Compatible with Linux and Microsoft Windows operating

systems, this tool is made up of modules written in C ++ and

Network Description, its own language for defining the

topology of the modules [20].

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III.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SCENARIO

The success of the video streaming service focuses on the

user being able to display the content on their device with a

minimum of failures and delays. To ensure this, a number of

management tasks must be performed on the network, such as

monitoring and control of bandwidth [21].

Design

To carry out the study of the LVS service in a Tele-Surgery

process on 5G networks, an experimentation scenario was built

using a simulation made up of the elements of video server and

client, which exchange information through a simulated 5G

network.

The scenario to be simulated will be a hypothetical case of a

surgical room that will allow Tele-Surgery practices to be

carried out using systems (robots). Different remote end users

will be able to connect to the service. These will receive the live

video transmission of the surgery. Possible users are the surgeon

and the supporting doctor.

For this study, three different elements will be needed; the

first in charge of emulating the 5G network through which the

clients and the server will connect; the second element is the

server that will send the video transmission to the clients; and

the last element will be the client that will be used for the

reproduction and monitoring of the information received.

Fig. 1 shows the infrastructure of the scenario to be simulated.

In it the main components to provide video streaming service

are identified: video encoder, streaming service, network core

and user network. Once the video starts streaming, the content

is encrypted and made available to a streaming server. The

content is divided into several packets and transmitted through

the network core. Finally users are able to access this content on

their devices through the access node.

Fig. 1. Diagram of context

Implementation

For the simulation, Simu5G, a simulation library for 5G New

Radio networks based on OMNeT++ was used. It includes a

collection of models with well-defined interfaces, which can be

instantiated and connected to build arbitrarily complex

simulation scenarios, and is fully compatible with the INET

library [22]. In addition, it allows the simulation of 5G

communications in Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and

Time Division Duplexing (TDD) modes, with heterogeneous

gNBs (macro, micro, pico, etc.), possibly communicating

through the X2 interface to support inter-cell interference

handover and coordination [23]. In particular, Simu5G models

the data plane of the 5G RAN (rel. 16) and the core network

[22].

Simu5G installation was achieved by downloading the

Simu5G and Inet folders from the virtual machine (plug and

play) found on the page "http://simu5g.org/simu5g-pnp.html",

TABLE I

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PC USED

Characteristics

Operating

system

Software

PC-1

Ryzen 5600X

processor, 16G

of RAM,

Nvidia RTX

3060 graphic

card

Linux

Ubuntu

20.04 LTS

Simu5G,

Wowza

Streaming,

OBS

Studio,

VLC

since in this way the simulation could be executed through the

Ubuntu terminal and data packets sent through the 5G network.

The Simu5G installation guide on Ubuntu 20.04 can be found

in Annex A of the undergraduate work [24].

For the server setup process, it was decided to work with

Wowza, a robust and customizable media server software that

powers reliable streaming of high-quality video and audio to

any device, anywhere. It supports any video format, transcodes

it once, and reliably delivers it in multiple formats and to the

best possible quality [25]. Wowza has many tools to generate

video applications such as Video on Demand (VoD) and Live

Video Streaming from any WEB or IP camera, and uses

various streaming techniques such as DASH, RTSP, RTMP,

Apple HLS, Adobe HDS and MS Smooth. [26].

OBS (Open Broadcaster Software) Studio, an open source

application that allows both recording and transmission of

audio and video in real time (streaming) was also selected for

use [27]. It can be used to record presentations, screen capture

sessions, eSports games, etc.. It comes with presets for

streaming on YouTube, Twitch and Facebook, but can be used

for any streaming platform that uses customized RTMP (Real

Time Messaging Protocol) [28].

For the client, a free and open source multimedia player VLC

was employed,. Configuration was carried out with Real Time

Streaming Protocol, RTSP, taking into account that the

transmissions of the data packets are made through the User

Datagram Protocol, UDP. This protocol is used in transmission

of live videos for its lack of retransmission delays, which

makes it suitable for applications of these types and ideal for

use with the RTSP transmission protocol [29].

The characteristics of the PC used for the simulation are

those shown in Table I.

IV.

ADAPTATION OF THE SCENARIO

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Parameters

Bitrate and Encoding: Bitrate refers to the rate at

which data is processed or transferred. It is usually measured in

seconds, from bps for smaller values to Kbps and Mbps. In

digital networks and telecommunications, bitrate refers to the

measurement per second of data passing through a

communications network. In this context, bitrate is synonymous

with data transfer rate. For multimedia encoding, bitrate refers

to the number of bits used per unit of playback time, such as

video or audio after compression (encoding). Media size and

output quality often depend on the bitrate used during encoding

[30]. As such, the term bitrate will be used focused on

multimedia encoding, specifically in video encoding.

Frequency: Although the physical and upper layers are

designed as frequency independent, two independent radio

performance requirements are specified for two frequency

ranges (FR), namely FR1 and FR2. FR1 is below the 7 GHz

range (450 - 7125 MHz) and FR2 is the millimeter wave range

(24250 - 52600 MHz) [31].

Numerology: NR uses a flexible framework structure,

with different Subcarrier Spacings (SCS). SCS is the distance

between the centers of two consecutive subcarriers, and

possible SCS values are (in kHz): 15; 30; 60; 120 and 240. This

is known as "multiple numerologies." The time domain,

meanwhile, is divided into 10 ms radio frames, each of which

consists of 10 subframes of 1 ms each, as shown in Fig. 2 [31].

Fig. 2. Structure of frame in NR[32]

Bandwidth: In NR, the maximum bandwidth of an NR

carrier is 100 MHz for FR1 and 400 MHz for FR2. For higher

bandwidth, carrier aggregation (CA) of up to 16 NR carriers is

also supported. Both CA within a frequency band (intra-band

CA) and CA between frequency bands (inter-band CA) are

supported. In the case of interband CA, CA with different

numerologies is also supported, for example, CA between NR

carrier in FR1 and NR carrier in FR2 [32].

The maximum transmission bandwidth NRB setting for each

UE channel bandwidth and subcarrier spacing is specified in

Table II.

TABLE II

MAXIMUM BANDWIDTH SETTING OF NRB TRANSMISSION

FOR FR2

SCS

(KHz)

MHz

NRB

100

MHz

NRB

200

MHz

NRB

400

MHz

NRB

132

264

N.A

120

132

264

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM): A central feature in

today's cellular networks, ACM technology can automatically

change the modulation and error correction of link forwarding

to compensate for changes in link conditions. These changes

are usually due to weather, for example rain fade, but can also

come from other sources, such as interference [33].

ACM optimizes the performance in a wireless data link,

adapting the modulation order and the error correction code

rate according to the noise conditions in the link [33]. In the 5G

mobile communication system, the base station performs

adaptive coding and modulation based on channel state

information provided by the user and improves spectrum

efficiency by selecting different combinations of modulation

types and code rates [34].

Modification to the Simu5G configuration

file

In accordance with the parameters mentioned in Section 4.1,

the modifications were made in the Simu5G configuration files

found in "simu5G/emulation/extclientserver", from line 58 to

line 70 regarding numerology, frequency, bandwidth and

duplex type, to adjust the network conditions to the needs of

the scenario in question and to be able to find the threshold

points.

Fig. 3 shows a snippet of code as Simu5G was initially

configured. Initially, the carrierAggregation module was

configured with a CC by setting the numComponentCarriers

parameter to 1, as seen in line 57. In line 58, the

componentCarrier vector was set to index 0 (that is, it is going

to select the first component from the vector initialized in line

57) in which numerologyIndex is set equal to 0,

carrierFrequency equal to 2 GHz, and numBands equal to 10,

as shown in the following lines 58, 59, and 60, which refer to

the numerology index, carrier frequency and the number of

resource blocks respectively. The number of CCs used by gNB

and UE was configured by setting the numCarriers parameter

to 1, as shown in lines 62 and 64. And the channel-Model

module is associated with CCs with index 0, by setting the

componentCarrierIndex parameter.

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Fig. 3. Initial configuration file omnetpp.ini in the extclientserver

folder

Fig. 4. Modified configuration file omnetpp.ini from the extclientserver

folder

Fig. 4 shows the changes that were made in the Simu5G code

for the purposes of the research work. Variations of

carrierFrequency, numBands, and numerologyIndex have been

made, as evidenced in lines 58, 59, and 60. New parameters

were added, such as TDD duplexing equal to true in line 61,

which means that duplexing will be implemented by time

division with tddNumSymbolsDl equal to 14 and

tddNumSymbolsUl equal to 0, as shown in lines 62 and 63,

allowing DL traffic only. In addition, a new channelControl

module was added, in line 70, setting the propagationModel

with the Nakagami model. This module by default was

configured with the free space model. This change was made,

since the Nakagami model is widely used in the literature, which

demonstrates its relevance in estimating propagation conditions

in indoor and outdoor scenarios in the presence of fade [26].

TESTING AND ANALYSIS

The main configuration parameters exhibited in Table III

show that the direction of transmission is downlink, since only

the client will consume the LVS service; the Duplex mode is

TDD, since a single frequency band will be used in

transmission; and the propagation model Nakagami, due to that

shown in Section 4.2. The modulation, the transmission power

and the positions of gNB and UE are already found by default

in Simu5G. The chosen frequencies were in the mid-band range

(below 7 GHz), which is the optimal point for 5G deployments,

since it has higher bandwidth and capacity compared to low-

band, and frequencies in the range of the millimeter wave or

high band (above 24 GHz). It thus offers unprecedented

maximum speeds and low latency. Numerology 2 and 3 were

selected, taking into account that large SCSs are ideal for

reducing latency [35] and bandwidths of 50 MHz and 100 MHz,

since they allow working for FR1 and FR2 frequencies.

TABLE III

CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS

The transmissions were made with a 3-minute video, where

variations were initially made regarding frequencies,

numerologies (2 and 3) and bandwidth with a bitrate of 3000

kbps HD quality (see Fig. 5 and 6). Then, the same procedure

is repeated for a bitrate of 5000 kbps HD 1080 quality (see Fig.

7 and 8) and 9000 kbps 4K quality (see Fig. 9 and 10).

The results of the data obtained for each bitrate are

graphically presented below.

Fig. 5. Result of packet loss with bitrate 3000 kbps and u = 2

Fig. 6. Result of packet loss with bitrate 3000 kbps and u = 3

Fig. 7. Result of packet loss with bitrate 5000 kbps and u = 2

Parameter

Value

Direction of transmission

Downlink

Duplex mode

TDD

Scenario

Indoor

Frequencies

TDD-related

Bandwidth

50 MHz and 100 MHz

Numerology índices

2 for FR1 and 3 for FR2

Propagation model

Nakagami

Modulation

ACM

Position gNB (x,y)

450 m, 300 m

Position UE (x,y)

450 m, 350 m

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Fig. 8. Result of packet loss with bitrate 5000 kbps and u = 3

Fig. 9. Result of packet loss with bitrate 9000 kbps and u = 2

Fig. 10. Result of packet loss with bitrate 9000 kbps and u = 3

From the results obtained from the graphs, it could be seen

that the higher the bitrate, the higher the packet losses for both

a 50 MHz and 100 MHz bandwidth. For Figures 5 and 6, with a

bitrate of 3000 Kbps, but with different numerology,

approximate losses between 1.4% and 1.7% were obtained.

Figures 7 and 8, which show a bitrate of 5000 Kbps, showed

losses between 3% and 4%. Finally, Fig. 9 and 10, which show

a bitrate of 9000 Kbps, showed losses between 14% and 16%.

However, no significant differences were found on modifying

frequencies, bandwidths and numerology. So it is assumed that

the network parameters are sufficient to carry this type of traffic

to the destination.

Viewing of the videos was done with the RTSP protocol, but

carrying out some tests such as transmitting the video without

going through the network, using only Wowza, OBS Studio and

VLC, and varying the bitrate, to high bitrates , approximately at

50,000 kbps, it was observed that there were no differences in

video quality. In other words, even without going through the

network, the video recovered in VLC has packet losses and

pixelations similar to those observed in a transmission with low

bitrates but going through the simulated network. Meanwhile,

the same tests were done, but changing the protocol to RTMP

and it was observed that the video is recovered correctly,

without packet loss or pixelation, but when trying to recover the

video with the RTMP protocol and passing through the network,

the video is never displayed.

Since the transport protocol used in the simulation is UDP,

RTMP is not capable of retrieving the video, since it is strictly

a TCP-based protocol, while RTSP, using both protocols,

depends on reliable transmission of TCP in the control and

delivering best efforts of UDP to display audio and video to

client-side applications, before the full file arrives, to provide

a proper experience. Therefore, for this scenario using Simu5G

and Wowza tools, the best option to retrieve the video is to use

RTSP.

Taking into account what was observed, it is not possible to

visualize the content of a video transmission with a high bitrate

(greater than 9000 Kbps), see Figures 9 and 10 in which the

losses are approximately 15%, while for a video with a low

bitrate (approximately 3000 Kbps) it is indeed possible to

reproduce its content, since losses are less, approximately

1.5%, see Figures 5 and 6. Furthermore, varying the

bandwidth, frequency or numerology index does not lead to

changes in the reception of the video. The most suitable bitrate

to carry out transmissions in this scenario with the tools used

however is with a bitrate of 3000 Kbps, since the losses found

were low and in terms of video quality did not result in

distortions in the received video.

VI.

CONCLUSIONS

A simulated Tele-Surgery scenario was presented in which

a series of videos were transmitted through a simulated 5G

network using the OMNeT++ Simu5G library, Wowza as a

server, OBS for transmission and VLC for reception. The

results showed that varying the bandwidth, frequency and

numerology index using the tools in question did not provide

significant differences in the results obtained in the reception,

as significant changes were found to occur on varying the

bitrate. Moreover, it was highlighted that the video with the

best quality displayed on reception was with a bitrate of 3000

Kbps using the exhibited tools.

VII.

FUTURE WORK

In this research work, a simulation was carried out using

Ubuntu 20.04, Wowza and Simu5G. Transmission of the LVS

service was done using the RTSP protocol. However, during

the tests carried out it was detected that at very high bitrates the

RTMP protocol gives a better result than RTSP, but it was not

possible to pass this type of traffic through Simu5G due to

compatibility issues. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate

other tools that allow this type of traffic. Also, with the Simu5G

simulator, there were some limitations in performing network

emulations. It is therefore necessary to investigate other

simulators that allow emulating 5G networks between various

devices connected to each other and that allow video

transmissions with high bitrates.

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Javier Eduardo Rosas Ibarra received

the degree in telecommunications and

electronic engineering in 2022 from the

University of Cauca, Colombia. He is a

software developer, interested in mobile

and web applications.

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4214-486X

Valentina Muñoz Mayor received the

degree in telecommunications and

electronic engineering in 2022 from the

University of Cauca, Colombia. She is

interested in fields of programming, mainly

in the area of web design.

215

Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 04, octubre-diciembre de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1992-0291

Jose Luis Arciniegas Herrera received the

degree in telecommunications and electronic

engineering from the University of Cauca,

Colombia (1997), and the Ph.D. degree from

the Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain

(2006). He is a Full Professor with the

Department of Telematics, University of

Cauca, Colombia. He is a senior researcher in

Colciencias score. His current research interests are in the area

of services and application using interactive video and

multimedia, software architectures, quality of software, Quality

of Experience and software process improvement.

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1310-9123

Héctor Fabio Bermúdez Orozco is a Titular

Professor and Researcher at the Electronic

Engineering Program in the University of

Quindio, Colombia. PhD in Telematic

Engineering from the University of Cauca,

Colombia (2020). From the University of

Cauca, he received the degrees in Electronics

and Telecommunication Engineer in 2000 and

Masters in Electronics and

Telecommunications in 2010. He made a doctoral research stay

at the Polytechnic University of Cartagana UPCT in Cartagena

Murcia (Spain) in 2018. He is the coordinator of the

Telecommunications Research group (GITUQ) at University of

Quindıo. Areas of interest: wireless comunications, radiant

systems and propagation, modeling of traffic of telematic

services, Quality of Service (QoS)/Quality of user Experience

(QoE).

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-3764