Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 02, abril-junio de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. ISSN 0122-1701 y ISSN-e: 2344-7214

Simulation of the influence of STATCOM on

power system losses

Simulación de la Influencia del STATCOM en las Pérdidas del Sistema de Potencia

J. Sosapanta Salas ; M. Macias Gómez

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22517/23447214.25278

Artículo de investigación científica y tecnológica

Abstract—The supply of growing electricity demand is possible

through continuous technological advances and the expansion of

national and international electrical systems. This scenario could

introduce voltage drops and consequent changes in the reactive

power flow throughout the electrical network. In order to control

these problems, various strategies have been developed as a

solution to improve the transport and distribution of electrical

energy. One of them is the Flexible Alternating Current

Transmission System (FACTS), and more specifically the STATic

synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM). This paper

investigates the influence and effectiveness of STATCOM to

mitigate the losses in the transmission lines and its impacts on

bus voltage drops. The simulations are performed using the

software DIgSILENT PowerFactory and the results showed that

STATCOM reduces the power system losses in an interval of

23.86% until 32.86%, and in addition, the STATCOM decreases

the annual energy cost by 7.82% in the implemented test case.

Index Terms—Flexible AC transmission systems, power system

modeling, power transmission, reactive power control, static VAr

compensators.

Resumen— El abastecimiento de la creciente demanda

eléctrica es posible a través de los continuos avances tecnológicos

y la expansión de los sistemas eléctricos nacionales e

internacionales. Este escenario podría introducir caídas de

tensión y los consiguientes cambios en el flujo de potencia

reactiva en toda la red eléctrica. Para controlar estos problemas

se han desarrollado diversas estrategias como solución para

mejorar el transporte y distribución de energía eléctrica. Uno de

ellos es el Sistema Flexible de Transmisión de Corriente Alterna

(FACTS), y más concretamente el STATic synchronous

COMpensator (STATCOM). Este artículo investiga la influencia

y efectividad del STATCOM para mitigar las pérdidas en las

líneas de transmisión y sus impactos en las caídas de tensión de

las barras. Las simulaciones se realizan utilizando el software

DIgSILENT PowerFactory y los resultados mostraron que el

STATCOM reduce las pérdidas del sistema de potencia en un

intervalo de 23,86% hasta 32,86%, y, además, el STATCOM

disminuye el costo anual de energía en 7,82% en el caso de

prueba implementado.

This manuscript was sent on February 06, 2023 and accepted on April 09,

2023. This work was supported by the Institución Universitaria Pascual

Bravo.

J. Sosapanta Salas is a researcher of the GIIAM group, of the Institución

Universitaria Pascual Bravo, in street 73 # 73a-226 Pilarica, Medellín (email:

j.sosapantasa@pascualbravo.edu.co).

M. Macias Gómez is a researcher of the SIA subgroup of the Institución

Universitaria Pascual Bravo, in street 73 # 73a-226 Pilarica, Medellín (email:

m.macias2591@pascualbravo.edu.co).

Palabras claves—Compensadores de VAr estáticos, control de

potencia reactiva, modelado de sistemas de potencia, sistemas

flexibles de transmisión de AC, transmisión de potencia.

INTRODUCTION

CONOMIC development depends significantly on the

structure of the power systems since industrial

development, productivity, and citizens' quality of life are

strongly associated with a reliable, continuous, and high-

quality supply of electrical energy. In this sense, the constantly

increasing electrical load must be served with more robust,

stressed, and interconnected power systems. This scenario

requires the implementation of technical solutions to guarantee

the correct operation of the power systems [1].

Motivation

One of the possible solutions is the implementation of

FACTS, which are devices based on power electronic

technologies. The FACTS systems have demonstrated to

incorporate big benefits in the power systems, such as power

factor control despite variable loads, flicker stabilization,

voltage increase in the load bus, reduction of harmonics,

increment in transmission capacity, minimal environmental

impact, reduced project implementation time, lower

investment cost, and improved stabilization of the power

system [2], [3].

Literature Review.

The FACTS systems implementation has been previously

analyzed by other authors with different study approaches. In

[4]-[7], the FACTS have been used to alleviate congestion on

transmission lines. In [8], the harmonic characteristics of a

Static Var Compensator (SVC) are examined in small grid-

connected power stations. In [9], the performance of SVC is

shown as a mechanism to improve the voltage profile, power

factor, and power loss in distribution substations. The authors

in [10] use the SVC to enhance the power system stability. In

addition, the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) have

also been employed to solve the problems named above in

[11], [12].

Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 02, abril-junio de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira

With respect to the STATCOM, the authors in [13] show

the optimal location of this device for safe loading margin and

stability limits in power systems. Additionally, the

STATCOM has been used for reducing low-frequency

oscillations [14], improving voltage stability margin [15], and

identifying sensitive buses [16].

Contribution

This document presents the simulation of the effects

obtained by installing a STATCOM in an electrical substation.

Specifically, the study is concentrated on changing the

STATCOM loadability and checking the improvements in

power system losses, voltage profiles and economic benefits.

Paper Organization

This paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the

STATCOM main characteristics and its respective modeling.

The regional context associated with the FACTS systems is

shown in III. Section IV describes the test system and the

simulation scenarios. Section V exposes the analysis of the

results and finally, section VI exposes the conclusions of this

research.

II.

STATCOM FRAMEWORK

Within the FACTS classification indicated in Fig. 1, the

STATCOM is a second-generation thyristor control switch.

The STATCOM behaves essentially as a synchronous

compensator allowing continuous control of reactive power

and offering a faster response speed and can provide

capacitive and inductive compensation. The STATCOM has

the ability to control the relative magnitude between the line

voltage and the inverter output voltage. It is one of the most

important FACTS controllers and uses a Voltage Source

Converter (VSC) switching device to control the output

voltage and the current injection [17].

STATCOM Components

For the STATCOM, the voltage source controlled in

amplitude and phase is implemented through inverters which

are connected on their DC side to a capacitor and on their AC

side to a transformer as indicated in Fig. 2. The functions of

each STATCOM component are described below,

Inverter: The inverter is integrated with electronic

devices, such as GTOs and IGBTs, which have cutting and

conduction capacities. The inverter function is to generate the

AC voltage from the DC voltage at the capacitor terminals of

the DC side. The use of multiple inverters reduces harmonic

distortion in the output voltage.

DC side capacitor: The main function of the DC side

capacitor is to serve as a DC voltage source, making it

possible to operate the inverter. In addition, the capacitor on

the DC side serves as a temporary energy accumulator

allowing the exchange between the electrical system and the

STATCOM.

Fig. 1. FACTS classification.

Fig. 2. STATCOM device diagram.

Transformer: The transformer is used for two main

functions. The first is to serve as a coupling with the AC

electrical system, adapting the operating voltages of the

equipment and the voltage limits of the inverters with the

network; in addition, with certain special configurations, the

transformer eliminates some of the harmonics generated by

the inverters, reducing the harmonic content inserted in the

electrical network. The second consists of using the

transformer to create zero-sequence blocking structures if one

exists, and to serve as a damping element for transients [18].

STATCOM Modelling

The mathematical model of a STATCOM device in the

three-phase representation has the following form (1) and (2)

[19],

�

𝑣

𝑐

𝑖

𝑎𝑏𝑐

= 𝑣

𝑑𝑐

𝐶

𝑏

𝑣

𝑑𝑐

+ 𝑣

𝑑𝑐

𝑖

𝑑𝑐

��

(1)

�

𝑣

𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑖

− 𝑣

𝑎𝑏𝑐

= 𝑅

𝑒𝑞

𝑖

𝑎𝑏𝑐

+ 𝐿

𝑒𝑞

𝑑𝑡

𝑖

𝑎𝑏𝑐

(2)

Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 02, abril-junio de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira

where �

��

is the voltage vector, �

��

is the current

vector,

�

��

is the inverter terminal voltage vector, �

�

is DC bus

capacitor, �

��

is its voltage, �

��

and �

��

are series

equivalents of the resistances and inductances of the two LCL-

filter coils, respectively, without considering the capacitor.

The first term of the system (1) corresponds to the

calculation of the instantaneous three-phase power in the

electrical network through the scalar product of the voltage

and current vectors. To establish a simpler model of a grid-

connected system, it is common practice to transform the

electrical variables of the three-phase system 𝑎𝑏𝑐 to the

system dq0-frame using Park’s transformation, where, the

position of the d-axis concerning phase 𝑎 of the three-phase

system, is taken as reference and representation indicated in

(

)

and

(

)

�

[

�

] =

[

�(�

�

)

]

[

�

]

�

(3)

with

The STATCOM device has no neutral line enabled and no

connection to the ground system, so non-zero sequence signals

are present. For this reason, the order of the compensator

model is reduced, which is represented in the dq0-frame, as

follows shown in

(

)

−

(

)

� 2 1

𝑣

𝑑𝑐

= 𝑣

𝑑

𝑖

𝑑

− 𝑖

𝑑𝑐

�� 3�

�

��

�

(5)

� �

��

1 1

𝑖

𝑑

= − 𝑖

𝑑

+ 𝜔

𝑒

𝑖

𝑞

+ 𝑣

𝑑

− 𝑣

𝑑𝑖

��

�

��

�

��

(6)

� �

��

𝑖

𝑞

= − 𝑖

𝑞

− 𝜔

𝑒

𝑖

𝑑

+ 𝑣

𝑞

��

�

��

(7)

where �

��

, �

��

, and �

��

are voltage, inverter terminal

voltage, and current of the STATCOM device in the dq-frame.

Refer to [19] for further details of the mathematical model.

III.

FACTS INSTALLED IN COLOMBIA

The FACTS systems installed in the National

Interconnected System in Colombia are indicated below and in

addition, the last corresponds to the pilot of Flexible

Distributed Alternating Current Transmission Systems (D-

FACTS).

Chinú (500 kV)

ISA installed an SVC in the Chinú substation consisting of

two banks of thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs) and two

banks of thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs). The TSCs

provide voltage support after large disturbances, damp power

oscillations, control voltage, and balance the load. The SVC

installed in the Chinú substation has the following features

500 kV +250, -150 MVAr. This project began to function at

the end of 1999 [18].

Caño Limón (230 kV)

This project is similar to the FACTS in the Chinú substation

with the difference that the SVC installed in this substation

has the following features 230 kV +250, -150 MVAr.

Tunal

The Bogotá energy company commissioned in 2014 the

SVC Static Reactive Power Compensator at the Tunal 230 kV

substation to have the necessary reactive power for voltage

support in Bogotá and the eastern area. The SVC installed in

the Tunal substation has a control strategy that includes

functions for reactive power control, overload capacity, and

power oscillation damping control. The SVC is connected to

the 230 kV network through three single-phase transformers

connected in YN/d11, with a three-phase capacity of 240

MVA. In addition, it is composed of a TCR with a capacity of

140 MVAr, two TSC with a capacity of 80 MVAr each, and

two filter banks tuned near the fifth and seventh harmonics

[20].

Bacatá

The Bacatá substation at 500 kV, located in the eastern area

of Colombia, has a STATCOM with a reactive power supply

capacity of 200 MVAr. This element allows a constant supply

of reactive power, regardless of voltage drops in the system,

and it needs little space for its operation.

Envigado

Pilot D-FACTS of the company EPM (Empresas Públicas

de Medellín), is a regional pioneer project with international

recognition by the World Economic Forum in 2020, within the

Critical Infrastructure category, as one of the three

technologies that have played a fundamental role in the energy

transformation in the last decade due to its environmental,

social and property benefits, by facilitating the connection of

renewable energy generation and infrastructure optimization

[21].

IV.

TEST SYSTEM AND SIMULATION SCENARIOS

The test system has a single-sectioned bus substation and is

illustrated in Fig. 3. A 28 kV STATCOM device with a

reactive power supply capacity of 200 MVAr (two 100 MVAr

in parallel), which is connected on the high side of the

electrical substation via a step-up transformer (28 kV/500 kV)

as illustrated in Fig. 4.

2� 2�

𝖥 cos(𝜃

𝑒

) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃

𝑒

−

) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃

𝑒

) 1

2� 2�

𝑃

(

𝜃

𝑒

)

−sin

(

𝜃

𝑒

)

−𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃

𝑒

−

) −𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃

𝑒

)

√

[

2 2 2

]

(4)

Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 02, abril-junio de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira

Fig. 3. Power test system with an electrical substation 500 kV/110 kV.

The test system parameters are listed in Appendix A, in

tables I, II, III and IV, and this system consists of the

following elements: electrical substation, STATCOM device,

8 Transmission lines (L), 10 system nodes (N), 4 Transformers

(T), 2 Generators (G), 5 Engines (M), 1 Slack infinite bus.

For simulation purposes, two scenarios are suggested to

analyze the impact of the STATCOM device in a power

system. The first scenario simulates the test system without

the STATCOM device by varying the system loadability from

50% to 150% using intervals of 10%. In this scenario, it is also

considered that generators always provide the same active

power and maintain the voltage constant at the nodes they are

connected. The second scenario considers a STATCOM

device installed in the electrical substation, which regulates

the voltage at the high side voltage of the electrical substation.

Fig. 4. Electrical substation 500 kV/110 kV.

RESULTS ANALYSIS

Fig. 5 shows the behavior of the voltages with different

percentages of loadability at the nodes N6, Ns1, and Ns3.

These nodes are selected given that these are the nodes where

the effects of the STATCOM on the electrical system are best

evidenced. Node Ns1 is the node where the STATCOM

device will keep the voltage constant. The voltage of Ns1 with

the implementation of the STATCOM device remains constant

at 1.00 pu. However, without the STATCOM devices, the

voltage changes from 1.02 pu and decreases to 0.99 pu

observing a voltage reduction as the system loadability

increases.

Fig. 5. Voltages of the representative nodes (⸺with STATCOM; ---without

STATCOM).

The Ns3 node with the STATCOM implementation starts

with a voltage of 0.98 pu and decreases to 0.91 pu; analyzing

the graph without the STATCOM implementation, the voltage

starts at 1.00 pu and drops to 0.90 pu. It can be observed that

the total change in voltage without the STATCOM is higher

than with the STATCOM implementation.

Additionally, in Fig. 5 is presented the voltage �

with the

STATCOM device connected to the system starts at 1.00 pu

and decreases to 0.90 pu; while when the STATCOM device

is not considered, the voltage at this same node N6 starts at

1.03 pu and as the load increases it decreases to 0.89 pu. It can

be noted that the voltage drop is more drastic when the

STATCOM device is not considered in the system.

On the other hand, Fig. 6 shows that the transmission line

�

without the implementation of STATCOM device starts

with line power losses of 0.24 MW and increases up to 0.65

MW. In the case of the implementation of STATCOM, the

line power losses start from 0.02 MW, increasing in a

parabolic way until reaching 0.64 MW. The line power losses

�

for the entire loadability range are reduced by 23.86%. The

power losses in transmission line �

show no

major

Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 02, abril-junio de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira

differences in losses with the implementation of STATCOM,

and without it, as can be seen in the power losses starting at

0.21 MW and reaching up to 2.64 MW. Transmission line L8

is the one that presents the most significant difference between

the implementation of STATCOM and without it, as can be

seen in Fig. 6 until reaching 65% of system loadability.

Transmission line �

has losses of almost 0.08 MW with the

implementation of STATCOM and without it, but from this

point onwards, it begins to vary. Without the implementation

of the STATCOM device, it begins to increase losses up to

1.02 MW. On the other hand, with the implementation of

STATCOM, they increase up to 0.65 MW because �

is the

line that connects node 6 with node 7 where motors M3, M4,

and M5 are located, being the farthest line of the system and

with higher loadability. In this case, the reduction of losses

with implementing STATCOM considering all loadability

cases is 32.86%. It is important to note that this loss reduction

is for each line �

and �

Line �

has constant losses of 0.01 MW, and �

has

constant power losses of 0.02 MW with the STATCOM

implementation. These losses constantly behave for two

reasons: first, the generators in all load cases always generate

the same power, and second, the substation voltage is constant

in all load cases due to STATCOM. At the same time, without

implementing the STATCOM device, the line power losses �

start from almost 0 MW and increase to 0.01 MW, and the line

power losses �

start from 0.01 MW and increase to 0.02

MW. The losses in these lines behave as a parabola since the

substation voltage varies according to the power system

loadability.

Transformers T1 and T2 present changes in their reactive

power with the implementation of STATCOM, and without it,

reactive power starts from -25 MVAr to 0 MVArs. With the

implementation of the STATCOM device, the two

transformers present a constant reactive power of -5 MVArs.

Fig. 6. Transmission lines power losses (⸺with STATCOM; ---without

STATCOM).

It can be seen that the STATCOM device compensates for

the reactive power required by the system as shown in Fig. 7.

While in transformer T3 the reactive power does not have any

significant change, and this is due to the load requirements and

considering that the STATCOM does not compensate

downstream of it.

A. Complementary analysis

This part shows the annual energy cost due to the total

energy losses in the transmission lines of the power system.

These power losses are computed as average power losses in

loadability scenarios. The annual costs are calculated as

(

)

�

��

= �

��

�

��

�

��

(8)

Fig. 7. Transformers reactive power (⸺with STATCOM; ---without

STATCOM).

Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 02, abril-junio de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira

where �

��

represents the annual energy cost in

COP,

�

��

is the cost of the energy transport of the National

interconnected system in COP/kWh, �

��

is power system

losses, �

�

corresponds to the hours in a day, and �

��

denotes the days of the year.

The �

��

in September of 2022 was 50.8461 COP/kWh,

which is used to compute the �

��

. The total power losses

with and without STATCOM devices in the power system are

5.96 MW and 6.47 MW, respectively. The annual cost of

energy with and without STATCOM devices are 2.654.858

COP and 2.882.035 COP, respectively. Thus, based on this

study case, the STATCOM device reduces the energy cost in

the power system by 7.82%.

VI.

CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of the STATCOM device greatly

reduced the losses of the power system analyzed and improves

the system performance. The effectiveness of the STATCOM

device is remarkable both in its decrease in losses in the

electrical system and the decrease in operating costs.

Therefore, the implementation of this device is linked to the

budget or the level of investment available to the utility to

improve its service.

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Joseph Sosapanta Salas, was born in El

Tambo, Nariño, Colombia in 1990. He

received the degree in electrical

engineering from National University of

Colombia, in 2014 and the degree Master

in Electrical Engineering from the same

university in 2023. He also received the

MBA degree in 2021. Currently, the is a

full-time research professor at Institución

Universitaria Pascual Bravo. His research interest includes

power systems and renewable energy.

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2035-9323

Miyerladis Macias Gómez was born in Medellín, Antioquia,

Colombia. She received a degree in

electrical technology from the Institución

Universitaria Pascual Bravo. She is

currently studying for a B.Sc. degree in

Electrical Engineering from the same

university. His research interests include

Internet of Things applications, processing

automatization, and control in electrical

systems.

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7490-2061

Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 28, No. 02, abril-junio de 2023. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira

APPENDIX A. TEST SYSTEM PARAMETERS [22].

TABLE I.

TRANSMISSION LINES DATA.

Line

Node k

Node m

Length

[km]

Rated voltage

[kV]

Resistance

[Ω/km]

Reactance

[Ω/km]

Susceptance

[µs/km]

Rated current

[kA]

Ns1

100

500

0.02336

0.33103

483.133

1.905

Ns1

500

0.02336

0.33103

483.133

1.905

Ns1

500

0.02336

0.33103

483.133

1.905

NS3

110

0.1318

0.4787

34.793

0.467

NS3

110

0.1318

0.4787

34.794

0.468

NS3

110

0.1318

0.4787

34.795

0.469

110

0.1318

0.4787

34.796

0.470

110

0.1318

0.4787

34.797

0.471

TABLE II.

TRANSFORMERS DATA.

Transformer

Node k

Node m

𝑉

𝐻

⁄

𝑉

𝐿

[kV]

Rated power

[MVA]

Reactance

[%]

Connection

13.8/500

𝑌

𝑁

⁄

𝐷

13.8/500

𝑌

𝑁

⁄

𝐷

Ns1

Ns3

500/110

200

𝑌

𝑁

⁄

𝑌

𝑁

Ns2

Ns4

500/28

200

14.85

𝑌

𝑁

⁄

𝐷

TABLE III.

LOADS DATA.

Motor

Node

Rated voltage

[kV]

Active power

[MW]

Reactive power

[MVAr]

110

TABLE IV.

GENERATORS DATA.

Generator

Node

Rated voltage

[kV]

Rated power

[MVA]

Power factor

Connection

Operating power

[MW]

13.8

0.8

�

13.8

0.9

�