Scientia et Technica Año XXVIII, Vol. 29, No. 03, julio-septiembre de 2024. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. ISSN 0122-1701 y ISSN-e: 2344-7214 138
T
Ramsar wetlands protected by conservation strategies
and natural areas in Colombia
Humedales Ramsar protegidos por estrategias de conservación y áreas naturales en Colombia
P. Vergara-Buitrago
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22517/23447214.25620
Scientific and technological research paper
Abstract — The wetland ecosystem plays a vital role in preserving
biodiversity, providing ecosystem services, and conserving
cultural and natural heritage. Effectively identifying and
protecting these ecosystems is important for sustainable
development and the well-being of humans and the environment.
No document addresses the issue of spatial distribution of Ramsar
wetlands in Colombia under the jurisdiction of complementary
conservation strategies. For this reason, a literature review and
study of the information from the Single National Registry of
Protected Areas and the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention
was carried out, to define and study the spatial distribution of
Ramsar wetlands through Shapefile files analyzed in the ArcGIS
Pro software. The results show that there is an overlap between
wetlands with the Ramsar category and the National System of
Protected Areas of 33,32%, which represents 350.667 ha, which
indicates the need to continue declaring complementary strategies
to maintain ecological values and sociocultural aspects of these
vital ecosystems.
Index Terms — biodiversity, ecosystem, environmental
protection, national areas, space distribution.
Resumen— El ecosistema de humedal tiene un papel vital en la
preservación de la biodiversidad, la provisión de servicios
ecosistémicos y la conservación del patrimonio cultural y natural.
Identificar y proteger eficazmente estos ecosistemas es importante
para el desarrollo sostenible y el bienestar de los seres humanos y
del ambiente. No se encuentra ningún documento que aborde la
temática de distribución espacial de humedales Ramsar en
Colombia en jurisdicción de estrategias complementarias de
conservación. Razón por la cual, se realizó una revisión de
literatura y estudio de la información del Registro Único Nacional
de Áreas Protegidas y la Secretaría de la Convención Ramsar, con
el fin de definir y estudiar la distribución espacial de los humedales
Ramsar por medio de archivos Shapelife analizados en el software
ArcGIS Pro. Los resultados muestran que existe una
superposición entre los humedales con categoría Ramsar y el
Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de 33,32% que representa
350.667 ha, lo cual indican la necesidad de seguir declarando
estrategias complementarias para mantener los valores ecológicos
y socioculturales de estos ecosistemas vitales.
Palabras claves— biodiversidad, áreas protegidas, protección
ambiental, distribución espacial, ecosistema.
This manuscript was submitted on May 10, 2024, accepted on August 13,
2024 and published on September 27, 2024. This work was supported by the
Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation of Colombia and Fulbright
Colombia.
I.
INTRODUCTION
O protect and conserve wetland ecosystems, the Ramsar
Convention was signed in 1971. This is an
intergovernmental treaty that provides a framework for
international and national cooperation for the preservation and
rational use of these ecosystems and their resources as a
contribution to sustainable development around the world [1].
The convention defines wetlands as diverse environments,
including peatlands, swamps, floodplains, lakes, and rivers, as
well as coastal areas of mangroves, salt marshes, coral reefs,
and seagrasses with a maximum depth at low tide of six meters
[2] [3].
Wetlands represent one of the most valuable ecosystems in
the world by providing ecosystem services such as water and
fish supply, support for agriculture, maintenance of water
balance, nutrient retention, wood production, and opportunities
for recreation and tourism [4], wetlands provide habitat for a
wide variety of fauna, such as birds, insects, mammals, and fish
[5]. These ecosystems present variations in their body of water,
depending on the hydrological dynamics of the place where
they are located, the time of year, and the weather [6] [7]. Of
the ecosystem services they provide, natural buffering, climate
regulation, flood risk reduction, and educational, aesthetic,
spiritual, and cultural benefits stand out [8] [9] [10].
Furthermore, the variety of vegetation that inhabits the vicinity
of wetland water bodies serves as an indicator of the ecological
state of the environment [11].
Some problems in wetlands are the change in water
dynamics, the appearance of invasive species, and desiccation
[12] [13]. The extraction of groundwater and deforestation also
generate negative effects on the quantity and biological quality
of water [14]. Despite the interconnections between wetland
ecosystem services and human well-being, their importance is
often not adequately assessed [15]. The physicochemical health
of wetlands has deteriorated due to anthropogenic interventions
and the exploitation of their resources [16]. It is important to
recognize and highlight the importance of wetlands due to their
ecosystem services and contribution to the conservation and
protection of different species.
P.A. Vergara-Buitrago is a PhD student in Natural Resources Science and
Management at the University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N. St. Paul,
United States [verga060@umn.edu / paulina.vergarabuitrago@gmail.com]
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In Colombia, these ecosystems' most frequent activities of
transformation are linked to livestock, agriculture, and
deforestation [17] [18]. There is also a lack of coordination in
planning and management, along with incoherent and
disjointed sectoral development [19] [20].
To promote the conservation, sustainable use, and restoration
of the country's wetlands at the local, regional, and national
levels, in 2001 the Ministry of the Environment decreed the
Policy for Colombia's Inland Wetlands, through the principles
described in the Political Constitution and in the functions
established in Law 99 of 1993 and Law 388 on Territorial
Planning [21]. Law 357 of January 21, 1997, ratified the
Ramsar Convention in Colombia, declared through the Ruling
of the Constitutional Court C-582/97, and entered into force on
October 18, 1998 [22] [23]. Wetlands cover 26% of the
Colombian surface corresponding to 30.781.149 ha [24] [25]
[26] (Fig. 1).
Fig 1. Extension of wetlands by hydrographic area (ha) in Colombia.
Consultation source: Adapted from [25].
Proposing comprehensive planning and management
initiatives for wetlands strengthens the management and
dissemination processes of the actions undertaken for their
protection and conservation [27]. As a relevant element for the
management of wetland ecosystems, the consolidation of the
National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) of Colombia has
been an initiative that identifies areas of strategic interest,
evaluating the feasibility of their incorporation into the SINAP.
Colombia has enriched its management of protected areas
through the integration of conservation initiatives at the
international level, such as inclusion in Ramsar Wetlands, the
Hemispheric Network of Reserves for Shorebirds, Important
Areas for the Conservation of Birds, Key Areas for
Biodiversity, sites of World Heritage and Biosphere Reserves
[28] [29].
This article describes the different conservation categories
and identifies the number of Ramsar category wetlands
protected with initiatives of the National System of Protected
Areas of Colombia, Important Areas for Bird Conservation,
Biosphere Reserves, and Natural World Heritage sites, This is
expected to understand the distribution and protection status of
wetlands in Colombia, as well as their integration with
protected areas, which help to preserve biodiversity and fulfill
international commitments and sustainable development.
II.
METHODOLOGY
A review was carried out of the information published by the
Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention, the National System of
Protected Areas of Colombia, BirdLife International, the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO); as well as publications from the Ministry of
Environment and Sustainable Development, the José Benito
Vives de Andráis Marine and Coastal Research Institute
(INVEMAR) and the Alexander von Humboldt Biological
Resources Research Institute (IAvH), to define each of the
categories of conservation strategies. The Shapefiles of the
international strategies and Ramsar wetlands were obtained
from the Colombian Environmental Information System
(SIAC), and the Shapefiles of the protected areas of Colombia
were identified in the Single National Registry of Protected
Areas (RUNAP). Using data from geographical entities at a
scale of 1:100.000, the number of Ramsar wetlands located
within protected natural areas and international strategies were
recognized; as well as the area of development of these
initiatives in Colombian territory, this analysis was carried out
through thematic tables in the ArcGIS Pro software.
III.
WETLANDS
Wetlands constitute one of the most productive ecosystems
on earth [30]. They contribute to mitigating floods and retaining
sediments, toxic substances, and nutrients. Additionally, they
are home to extensive biodiversity and play a crucial role in
carbon storage and erosion [31]. This set of functions makes
wetlands one of the most valuable ecosystems in terms of their
economic and environmental contribution [32]. These
ecosystems are found in areas where geomorphological and
hydrological conditions make it possible to retain water for
prolonged periods, which favors the formation of hydric soils
and the development of vegetation adapted to aquatic
environments [33] [34]. Therefore, research evaluating
ecosystem services that considers in depth the relationships that
occur in wetlands should be prioritized; as well as sociocultural
and ecological evaluations [35].
The IAvH has carried out an inventory of 31.702 wetlands
[36] and published the first map of wetlands in the country at a
scale of 1:100.000 in 2015 [25]. Likewise, the Humboldt
Institute has established the fundamental biological criteria to
identify, characterize, and define the boundaries of wetlands
[37]. On the other hand, INVEMAR found that approximately
74% of the coastal wetlands of the Colombian Caribbean are
not articulated with the conservation initiatives registered in
RUNAP [38].
IV.
NATIONAL SYSTEM OF PROTECTED AREAS IN
COLOMBIA
It is the integration of social actors, protected areas,
instruments, and management strategies that work together to
meet the country's conservation objectives. Colombia has 1.652
protected areas [39]. These declarations show significant
progress in the preservation of national biodiversity and the
safeguarding of collective rights linked to the conservation of
areas of great ecological importance [40] [41]. In Colombia, 12
Ramsar wetlands have been proposed with a total area of
1.052.300 ha, information obtained from the map catalog of the
Colombian Environmental Information System, 10 have
Caribe
2.657.571
Amazonia
6.240.455
Pacífico
1.456.67
Magdalena-
Cauca
5.701.101
Orinoquia
14.725.346
Total
30.781.149
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V. IMPORTANT BIRD CONSERVATION AREAS (IBA)
The IBA is a worldwide project led by BirdLife International,
jurisdiction in the SINAP with a protection area of 350.667 ha,
which represents 33,32 %. The area category with the greatest
representation was the Regional Integrated Management
District with 173.727 ha (Table I).
TABLE I
RAMSAR SITES IN COLOMBIA PROTECTED BY SINAP
Wetland
Geographic
area (ha)
Location
Protected Natural Area
Area (ha)
protection
Sistema
delta
estuarino
del río
Magdalena,
ciénaga
grande de
Santa Marta
520.846
Magdalen
a
1.
Vía parque Isla de
Salamanca
2.
Santuario de Fauna
y Flora Ciénaga
Grande de Santa Marta
55.609
Laguna de
la Cocha
39.918
Nariño
1.
Santuario de Flora
isla de la Corota
2.
RFPN laguna la
Cocha cerro Patascoy
3.
RFPN río Bobo y
Buesaquillo
4.
PNR Páramo de las
Ovejas-Tauso
5.
RNSC Miraflores
6.
RNSC San Gabriel
39.182
Delta Río
Baudó
52.345
Chocó
1. Parque Nacional
Natural Uramba
Bahía Málaga
2.DRMI Encanto de
los Manglares del Bajo
Baudó
8.956
Complejo
de
humedales
laguna del
Otún
115.883
Risaralda
1.
Distrito de
Conservación de
Suelos Campoalegre
2.
Parque Nacional
Natural los Nevados
3.
RFPN el Humedal y
la Santísima Trinidad
4 RFPR Cerrobravo
5.
RFPR el Diamante
6.
RFPR el Palmar y la
Secreta
7.
RFPR el Toro
8.
RFPR los Bosques
de la Chec
9.
RFPR Torre Cuatro
10.
RFPR La Pradera
11.
RFPR Esmeralda
12.
RFPR Vallelargo
13.
RFPN río Blanco y
quebrada Olivares
14.
RNSC La Sonrisa
15.
PNR Ucumarí
16.
DRMI Cuenca Alta
del Río Quindío de
Salento
67.163
Sistema
Lacustre Ch
ingaza
4.072
Cundina
marca
Parque Nacional
Natural Chingaza
RFPN Ríos Blanco y
Negro
4.072
Complejo
de
humedales
de la
estrella
fluvial del
Inírida
250.159
Guainía
None
0
TABLE I
RAMSAR SITES IN COLOMBIA PROTECTED BY SINAP
Wetland
Geographi
c area (ha)
Location
Protected Natural Area
Area (ha)
protection
Complejo
de
humedales
del Alto
Río Cauca
Asociado a
la Laguna
del Sonso
5.532
Valle del
Cauca
DRMI laguna de
Sonso o del Chircal
2.033
Lagos de
Tarapoto
45.464
Amazonas
Parque Nacional
Natural Amacayacu
1.181
Ciénaga de
Ayapel
54.377
Córdoba
DRMI Complejo de
humedales de Ayapel
52.123
Complejo
Cenagoso
de la
Zapatosa
121.725
Cesar,
Magdalena
DRMI Complejo
Cenagoso de Zapatosa
110.300
Complejo
de
humedales
de la
Cuenca del
río Bita
824.535
Vichada
1.
RNSC El León
2.
RNSC Anelim
3.
RNSC Casa Roja
4.
RNSC Playa Alta
5.
RNSC La Reina
6.
RNSC La Pedregoza
7.
RNSC El Ocarro
8.
RNSC Puerto
Chigüiro
9.
RNSC Indomable
10.
RNSC Doñana
11.
RNSC Matapalito
12.
RNSC San Luís
10.048
Complejo
de
humedales
urbanos de
Bogotá
667,4
Bogotá
Distrito
Capital
None
0
1.052.300
350.667
Source: Adapted from the list of Wetlands of International Importance [3].
Acronyms: Regional Natural Park (PNR), National Protective Forest Reserve
(RFPN), Civil Society Natural Reserve (RNSC), Regional Protective Forest
Reserve (RFPR), Regional Integrated Management District (DRMI).
focused on identifying, documenting, and managing a global
network of sites vital for the conservation of birds and
biodiversity [42]. In Colombia, the IBA program began in 2002,
and 128 IBA have been identified, which represents 9.333.351
ha, 8% of the country's total area [43]. Of the 128 IBA, 18 are
in the jurisdiction of 10 Ramsar wetlands, representing 590.695
ha, 6,32% of the protected area (Table II).
VI. BIOSPHERE RESERVES
TABLE II
RAMSAR SITES PROTECTED WITH IBA
Wetland
IBA
Area (ha)
Complejo de Humedales
Urbanos del Distrito Capital de
Bogotá
Humedales de la
Sabana de Bogotá
268
Complejo de Humedales Alto
Río Cauca asociado a la Laguna
de Sonso
Reserva Natural
Laguna de Sonso
820
Complejo de Humedales Lagos
de Tarapoto
Parque Nacional
Natural Amacayacu
1.198
Sistema Lacustre de Chingaza
Parque Nacional
Natural Chingaza y
alrededores
4.065
Laguna de La Cocha
Laguna de la Cocha
4.061
Biosphere Reserves represent natural and cultural landscapes
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VII. NATURAL HERITAGE
The Natural heritage will be considered natural monuments
formed by physical, geological, physiographic, or biological
PNN
Los
Katíos
(1994)
72.000
SFF de
la isla
Malpelo
(2006)
857.500
PNN
Serranía de
Chiribiquete
(2018)
4.268.095
TABLE II
RAMSAR SITES PROTECTED WITH IBA
Wetland
IBA
Area (ha)
Alto Quindío
Cañón del Río
Combeima
Lagunas Bombona y
Vancouver
Otún Lagoon
Reserva Hidrográfica,
Forestal y Parque
Ecológico de Río
Blanco
25.609
Reserva Natural
Ibanasca
Cuenca del Río Toche
Finca Paraguay
Bosques del Oriente de
Risaralda
Delta del Río Baudó y Delta del
Río San Juan
Delta del Río San Juan
41.789
Complejo Cenagoso de Ayapel
Ciénaga de Ayapel
52.134
Valle del Río Frío
Sistema Delta Estuarino del Río
Magdalena, Ciénaga Grande de
Santa Marta
Reserva de Biosfera
RAMSAR Ciénaga
Grande, Isla de
Salamanca y Sabana
Grande
217.699
Estrella Fluvial del Inírida
Estrella Fluvial Inírida
247.113
Total
590.695
Source: own elaboration
that have the recognition of the UNESCO “Man and the
Biosphere” (MaB) program and offer examples of how the
safeguarding of cultural diversity, the preservation of nature,
and promoting economic development at the local level [44].
Likewise, they reflect the diversity of strategic ecosystems in
different geographical regions, the variety of climates, and the
biodiversity present in them [45]. Colombia has 6 declared
biosphere reserves (Seaflower, the Sierra Nevada de Santa
Marta, the Andean Belt, El Tuparro, the Ciénaga de Santa
Marta, and Tribugá-Cupica-Baudó) [46].
The Ramsar wetlands Bita River Basin and Magdalena River
Estuarine Delta have protection with three Biosphere Reserves
in a total area of 403.144 ha, which represents 1.61% of the total
Biosphere Reserve area of 24.886.121 ha (Table III). These
reserves aim to promote and preserve a harmonious relationship
between human beings and the biosphere, through the
conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems, sustainable
development models to combat climate change, and
participation in local management [47] [48].
TABLE III
RAMSAR SITES PROTECTED BY BIOSPHERE RESERVES
Biosphere
Reserves
Area (ha)
Location
Ramsar
Wetland
Area
(ha)
El Tuparro
1.097.085
Vichada
Complejo de
humedales de
la Cuenca del
río Bita
5.200
Sierra
Nevada De
Santa
Marta
2.369.562
Guajira,
Magdalena y
Cesar
Sistema Delta
Estuarino del
Río
Magdalena,
Ciénaga
Grande de
Santa Marta
10.016
Cinturón
Andino
2.374.363
Huila,
Cauca, Valle
del Cauca,
Tolima
None
0
Seaflower
17.987.337
Archipiélago
de San
Andrés
None
0
Cienaga
Grande De
Santa
Marta
511.169
Magdalena
Sistema Delta
Estuarino del
Río
Magdalena,
Ciénaga
Grande de
Santa Marta
387.928
Reserva de
Biósfera
Tribugá
Cupica
Baudó
546.605
Chocó
None
0
Total
24.886.121
403.144
Source: own elaboration
characteristics, or by a combination of these, that have
exceptional aesthetic value and that serve as habitat for
endangered animal and plant species, with universal value from
the scientific or aesthetic point of view [49] [50]. Places
included on the World Heritage List play a vital role as global
landmarks and symbols to raise awareness [51]. Colombia has
3 protected natural areas of natural heritage, the Los Katíos
National Natural Park (PNN), the Malpelo Fauna and Flora
Sanctuary (SFF), and the Serranía de Chiribiquete PNN [52]
[53]. None of these areas have recognized any Ramsar wetland
category (Fig. 2).
Fig 2. Natural Heritage Areas in Colombia (ha) [54].
Wetlands offer a conducive environment to observe current
environmental changes and their impacts on ecosystem
services. Therefore, it is crucial to establish criteria for
systematic monitoring of change indicators, as well as ensure
the installation and maintenance of monitoring instruments and
networks [55]. The success and durability of efforts to conserve
wetlands will be strongly linked to the proposed ecological
strategies and the commitment of the entities responsible for
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their administration [56]. There is an urgent need to develop
international wetland policies that promote the sustainable
preservation of these ecosystems [57], which face increasingly
serious threats in the 21st century [58].
The loss of wetlands not only affects ecological processes of
global relevance, but also has serious repercussions on local
livelihoods and human well-being, this is reflected in an
increase in poverty and unemployment, and the reduction of
opportunities for fair and equitable development [59]. Wetlands
are socio-ecological systems, and the design of a monitoring
structure must consider aspects associated with climate change
and anthropogenic, legal, or illegal activities related to land use.
To find favorable scenarios for the research, protection, and
sustainable management of wetlands. It is suggested to
characterize different wetland complexes to estimate regional
dynamics, and orders of magnitude of spatiotemporal scales,
and determine patterns and trends [60] [61].
Colombia's wetlands play a crucial role in conserving the
country's biodiversity. These ecosystems present a wide variety
of animals and plants, including endemic species that are in
danger of extinction. Additionally, wetlands are important for
the migration of birds and other animals and are critical habitats
for many at-risk species. Therefore, it is essential to protect
these ecosystems to ensure the survival of these species and
maintain the country's biodiversity. Wetlands play a
fundamental role in the water cycle and climate regulation.
They act as natural regulators of water flow, helping to prevent
flooding and maintain water levels in rivers and lakes. In
addition, they function as carbon sinks, which helps mitigate
the effects of climate change. It is crucial to protect these
ecosystems to ensure their ability to regulate water and climate.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
The figures obtained show a significant panorama of
Colombia's commitment to the conservation of its wetlands and
protected natural areas. With 12 Ramsar sites covering more
than one million hectares, and 10 of them under the jurisdiction
of SINAP, a considerable effort is evident to preserve these vital
ecosystems, which represent 33,32% of the protected area. The
Regional Integrated Management District stands out as the
category with the greatest representation, with 173.727
hectares. In addition, 18 of the 128 IBAs are in the jurisdiction
of 10 Ramsar wetlands, covering 590.695 hectares. Although
Colombia's natural heritage includes protected areas such as
Los Katíos, Malpelo, and Serranía de Chiribiquete, none of
them have been recognized as Ramsar wetlands.
The information described indicates the importance of
wetlands in Colombia, highlighting the commitment to the
protection of these ecosystems through the designation of
Ramsar wetlands. Despite progress in identifying and
protecting areas of conservation importance, there is still work
to be done. The lack of recognition of the Ramsar wetland
category in key protected natural areas highlights the need for
greater integration and coordination between the different
government agencies and actors involved in environmental
management. It is essential to continue promoting the
conservation and sustainable management of wetlands,
recognizing their value nationally and globally, and ensuring
their long-term protection for present and future generations.
Wetlands are important for the local economy and for
promoting the sustainable development of the region. These
ecosystems provide ecosystem services such as fishing and
agriculture, which are vital for the communities that depend on
them. In addition, wetlands attract tourists and are important for
the sustainable development of the region. It is essential to
protect these ecosystems to ensure a sustainable future for local
communities. The conservation of Colombian wetlands in
protected natural areas is vital to preserving biodiversity,
regulating the water cycle and climate, guaranteeing a
sustainable future for local communities, and protecting these
fragile ecosystems. Action needs to be taken to protect these
valuable ecosystems and ensure a sustainable future for
generations to come.
The integration of Ramsar wetlands into territorial planning
under Law 388 is essential for maintaining Colombia's rich
biodiversity and cultural heritage. By recognizing and
addressing the environmental determinants of these vital
ecosystems, Colombia can achieve sustainable development
that benefits both nature and society. Future research should
explore the socio-economic dimensions of wetland
conservation to further inform policy and planning.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was carried out within the framework of the
scholarship for doctoral studies in the United States funded by
the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation of
Colombia and Fulbright Colombia.
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Paulina Alejandra Vergara Buitrago is
an Environmental Engineer who graduated
from the Universidad Pedagógica y
Tecnológica de Colombia, in 2014. She
received her Master's degree in Geography
from the same university in 2018 and
became a Junior Researcher in 2019. She
has national and international research
experience in environmental management and GIS. She is
qualified to formulate, execute, and evaluate projects and
research in geography and corporate social responsibility and
manage research information, submission, and publication of
results. She is a PhD student in Natural Resources Science and
Management at the University of Minnesota (UMN) and a
Research Assistantship at the Department of Family, Health,
and Wellbeing at UMN.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-777X